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WALLA WALLA

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 280 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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WALLA WALLA , a See also:

city and the See also:county-seat of Walla Walla county, See also:Washington, U.S.A., in the S.E. See also:part of the See also:state, on See also:Mill See also:Creek, about 200 m. S. by W. of See also:Spokane. Pop. (188o) 3588; (1890) 4709; (1900) 10,049, of whom 1522 were See also:foreign-See also:born; (1910 See also:census) 19,364. Walla Walla is served by the See also:Northern Pacific and the See also:Oregon Railroad & See also:Navigation Co.'s (See also:Union Pacific) See also:railways, and by an interurban electric See also:line. In the city are a state See also:penitentiary, Fort Walla Walla (a U.S. See also:cavalry See also:post), a Federal See also:Land See also:Office, a See also:Young Men's See also:Christian Association See also:building, a See also:Carnegie library, the State See also:Odd See also:Fellows' See also:Home, and the Stubblefield Home for Widows and Orphans. Sessions of Federal See also:District and See also:Circuit courts are held here. Walla Walla is the seat of See also:Whitman See also:College (chartered, 1859; opened, 1866; rechartered, 1883), originally Congregational, but now non-sectarian, which was founded by the Rev. See also:Cushing Eells and was named in See also:honour of See also:Marcus Whitman, and includes a college, a conservatory of See also:music and a preparatory See also:academy, and occupies a campus of 30 acres; and of Walla Walla College (.Adventist). Here are also St See also:Paul's School (See also:Protestant Episcopal) for girls, and St See also:Vincent's Academy for girls and De La Salle Academy for boys (both See also:Roman See also:Catholic). The city is situated in a farming (especially See also:wheat-growing), stock-raising and See also:fruit-growing region, is a distributing centre for the adjacent territory in Washington, Oregon and See also:Idaho, and has a large wholesale business. Among its manufactures are See also:flour and grist-mill products, agricultural implements, See also:lumber, foundry and See also:machine-See also:shop products, See also:leather and malted liquors.

The value of the factory product in 1905 was $1,485,791, 54.1% more than in 1900. The See also:

municipality owns its waterworks. In 1836 the famous missionary, Marcus Whitman, established at Waiilatpu, about 5 M. W. of the See also:present Walla Walla, a See also:mission of the See also:American See also:Board (Congregational), which in 1847 was broken up by an See also:Indian attack, Whitman, his wife and twelve others being massacred, and the other residents being carried off as prisoners. In 1857 Fort Walla Walla was built by the See also:United States See also:government on the site of the present city, and about it a See also:settlement See also:grew up in 1857-1858. Walla Walla was laid out and organized as a See also:town, and became the county seat in 1839; in 1862 it was chartered as a city. The name " Walla Walla" is said to be a Nez Perce Indian See also:term meaning " a rapid stream." See W. D. Lyman, As Illustrated See also:History of Walla Walla County, State of Washington (1901). See also:WALL-COVERINGS. The present See also:article deals with this subject (see MURAL DECORATION for See also:art and See also:archaeology) from the See also:practical point of view in connexion with See also:house-furnishing. In selecting a wall-covering, the See also:chief factors to be See also:borne in mind are the conditions of the See also:room, viz. the use to which it is to be put, and its See also:lighting, aspect and outlook.

See also:

Marble is one of the most beautiful materials that can be chosen for covering a wall. The variety of its natural markings and See also:colour gives a wide choice that enables it to be employed in practically any See also:scheme of colouring and for rooms of any aspect and marble of any description. The working up of the marble is done mgr mostly by machinery; the saws used are See also:flat strips of See also:steel lini - ng. set in the See also:frame of a machine and worked to and fro, See also:sand and See also:water being constantly supplied to assist in the See also:work of cutting. See also:Mouldings are worked to the desired See also:profile by rapidly revolving See also:carborundum wheels, and are afterwards polished by See also:hand. Marble wall-slabbing needs very careful fixing, and should be well supported by a sufficient number of cramps at a little distance from the wall, leaving a space of about See also:half an See also:inch at the back of the slab. Non-rusting cramps should be used, such as those made of See also:copper or See also:bronze. A See also:cement made of See also:plaster of See also:Paris and marble dust mixed in the proportion of two parts to one should be used for fixing, as pure plaster, especially if new, is liable to swell and cause the marble to crack. Marezzo and Scagliola are See also:imitation See also:marbles and are described in PLASTERWORK. Well-designed and properly executed See also:mosaic is a very beautiful decorative See also:medium, and ranks among the most permanent as well as most pleasing wall-coverings. With See also:glass mosaic See also:great Moak ranges both of colour and of texture of See also:surface can be obtained, different methods of preparing the glass giving a brilliant granular or quite dull surface as desired to suit the particular position of the work. Marble mosaic is used more for floors and pavings than for See also:vertical surfaces.

Most mosaic is now put together in the studio and pasted upon sheets of tough See also:

paper to which the See also:design has previously been transferred. The whole See also:section can thus be bedded on the prepared wall-surface with the least amount of trouble and without any danger of its sagging. When the cement has properly set, the paper is washed off from the See also:face of the work. Much improvement has been effected in the design and manufacture of wall-tiles. Especially has the design of tiles reached a very Tiles. high level of excellence, and as a material which combines the qualities of being hard in See also:wear, durable, See also:damp-resisting and easily washable, with beauty of design, colouring and surface, tiling may perhaps be placed next in See also:order of merit as a wall-covering to mosaic. A thin, opaque glass material, manufactured under various See also:trade names, is now much used, especially for tiling existing walls. It has all the sanitary qualities of tiles, but is perhaps somewhat more fragile and liable to be damaged under hard wear. It is made in See also:opal and other See also:colours and is usually fixed with a See also:special cement or See also:mastic which allows for slight movements of expansion and contraction. The thickness of the material varies with different makers from if toe in. See also:Metal sheeting, though somewhat inartistic in See also:appearance, is useful where a durable, waterproof and sanitary wall See also:protection is needed, Metal and is therefore often used for sculleries, See also:wash-houses and sheeting lavatories. Thin sheets of See also:zinc with slightly embossed patterns and enamelled in colours can be hung upon the wall with a See also:composition of See also:white See also:lead (one part) and See also:whiting (two parts) mixed to a thick See also:paste with See also:varnish or See also:gold See also:size. Sheets of See also:iron or steel can be more elaborately embossed and fixed to the wall with nails or screws; they are either previously enamelled or are painted after being fixed.

They are used more for ceilings than for wall-coverings, but are adapted for use in either position. See also:

Tapestry of See also:good design and workmanship is a really beautiful wall-covering. It is usually hung upon frames fitted to the wall, Tapestry. and may either See also:cover the entire wall surface or be fixed in the See also:form of panels, friezes, dados or fillings. It is not at all a sanitary covering, for it harbours a very large quantity of dust and dirt. The same remark applies, but perhaps in a less degree, to brocades of See also:silk and See also:damask. These materials are of a delicate nature and become easily soiled by the fumes of See also:gas or oil lamps. Substitutes for these materials on stout paper and on See also:cotton are made with a prepared back to facilitate pasting and See also:hanging, and are a very good imitation of the better material. A coarse See also:canvas, specially prepared with a smooth back for pasting, and stained in several See also:plain colours, can now be See also:purchased. Having a rough surface it naturally holds the dust, but this can easily be brushed off without damaging the material." It is a pleasing wall-covering, which will stand hard wear, and it forms a good back-ground for pictures and See also:furniture. The term " wall-paper " embraces a very large variety of materials of many kinds, designs and qualities, ranging from the cheapest Wail- machine-printed papers of the most flimsy description and pape often hideous design, to the See also:Japanese and similar leather papers, skilfully modelled in See also:relief and richly decorated in gold and colours. The design of the paper, of whatever description it may be, should preferably be of a conventional See also:pattern, unobtrusive and restful to the See also:eye, and presenting no strong contrasts of colour. The wall must be treated as a .background, consisting of a See also:plane surface, and no See also:attempt made to introduce a pictorial See also:element into the decoration.

The wall surface, regarded from the paper-hanger's point of view, is often divided into three sections, the dude or See also:

base, the See also:field or filling, and the See also:frieze at the See also:top immediately beneath the See also:cornice. This subdivision is not always adhered to, and a wall may be papered uniformly all over its surface, or may consist of dado and filling without the frieze, or frieze and filling without the dado. The See also:division between the sections is usually formed, in the See also:case of the frieze and filling, with a See also:wood picture See also:rail, and between the filling and dado with a moulded dado or See also:chair rail. Wall-papers may be printed either in distemper colours or oil colours, and the patterns upon them are printed either by hand or by machine. There are also self-coloured papers which have different kinds of surface finish, and with some of these a pattern is formed by contrasting a smooth with a rough or granulated surface or See also:vice versa. Typical of such papers are the ingrain papers, which have the colour penetrating through their substance. Plain filling papers are often used in See also:conjunction with a boldly designed and strongly coloured frieze of considerable See also:depth. The dado is either of similar plain paper or of an unobtrusive pattern. Often the filling is taken down to the skirting without the intervention of a dado rail. Papers printed in oil colours can be sized and varnished, and when treated in this way can be washed repeatedly and are very durable. This treatment gives an unpleasant glazed surface to the wall, but in spite of this it is often adopted for bathrooms, kitchens and in similar positions, because it is economical. The best papers are printed from blocks manipulated by hand.

The, pattern, or as much of it as is to be printed in one colour, is carved upon a See also:

pear-wood board, small and delicate members being represented by strips and dots of copper inserted in the See also:block. With large blocks a treadle and See also:pulley arrangement gives the work-See also:man assistance in applying and removing the pattern, which is first fed with colour by being pressed on a See also:felt blanket soaked in pigment and then applied to the surface of the paper to be decorated. One tint is applied at a See also:time, and this when dry is followed by others necessary to See also:complete the design. This drying of the previous colour ensures sharpness of outline and accuracy of colour. Designs aresometimes worked on the paper with See also:stencil patterns cut out cif zinc sheets. These are laid upon the paper and thick colour applied through the perforations with a stiff See also:brush. The cheaper wall-papers are printed by machinery: The paper is made to travel See also:round a large See also:drum around which are grouped the See also:print ng cylinders, each with its See also:separate inking See also:roller to See also:supply the specia colour for its use. On each of the wooden See also:printing rollers is set cop set. " type," representing as much of the pattern as is to be printed n one colour. It is a difficult and tedious See also:matter to get all the roller to work together to form one perfect pattern, and when printing ii. several colours it may take a skilled workman a See also:week or more to " set " his machine, a very large quantity of paper being spoilt during the See also:process. The colours used for hand-printed work, whether applied with blocks or stencil plates, are much thicker in consistency than those for machine work. One See also:advantage of hand-worked paper is the See also:comparative ease with which a paper can be matched even after it has gone out of stock.

At a slight extra cost the manufacturer will print a few pieces for his customer from the blocks he has retained. With machine-printed paper this, from a practical point of view, is impossible, for it would necessitate the printer's going through the See also:

long and costly process of " setting " the machine. Wall-papers are sold in rolls called " pieces." In See also:England the See also:standard size for a piece of paper is 12 yds. long and 21 in. wide. The printed surface is only 20 in. in width, as a margin of half an inch is See also:left on each edge. One or both of these plain margins must be removed See also:prior to hanging. See also:French wall-papers are 9 yds. long and 18 in. wide and only contain 401 sq. ft. compared with 63 ft. in a piece of See also:English paper. To ascertain the number of pieces required for a room take the superficies in feet of the surface to be covered (See also:deduction being made for the doors, windows, &c.) and See also:divide by 6o. This gives the See also:net amount required; an See also:allowance of about one-seventh must be added to allow for See also:waste in matching patterns and of odd lengths. If French papers are to be used the division should be 38 instead of 6o, these figures representing in feet the See also:area of the printed surface in each See also:roll. The surface of the wall should before papering be carefully prepared so as to be quite smooth and See also:regular. If the wall has been previously papered it should be stripped, and any irregularities filled in with stopping. To remove varnished paper use hot water to which See also:borax has been added in the proportions of 2 oz. to each See also:pint of water.

In selecting a paper for a newly plastered wall the colour chosen should be capable of withstanding the See also:

bleaching See also:action of the See also:lime in the plaster. Greens, blues and pinks especially are affected in this manner. For heavy papers See also:glue paste should be used. Papering which has become dirty may be effectually cleaned with new See also:bread or stiff dough; when gently rubbed over the surface in one direction this speedily removes the dirt. When the wall is damp, tinfoil, See also:pitch-coated paper or See also:Willesden waterproofed paper is used behind the paper to prevent the paper from becoming damaged by the wet. (J.

End of Article: WALLA WALLA

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