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ALBERTUS See also:MAGNUS (See also:ALBERT OF See also:COLOGNE, ? 1206-I280) , See also:count of Bollstadt, scholastic philosopher, was See also:born of the See also:noble See also:family of Bollstadt at Lauingen in Suabia. The date of his See also:birth, generally given as 1193, is more probably 1206. He was educated principally at See also:Padua, where he received instruction in See also:Aristotle's writings. In 1223 (or 1221) he became a member of the Dominican See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, and studied See also:theology under its rules at See also:Bologna and elsewhere. Selected to fill the position of lecturer at Cologne, where the order had a See also:house, he taught for several years there, at See also:Regensburg, See also:Freiburg, See also:Strassburg and See also:Hildesheim. In 1245 he went to See also:Paris, received his doctorate and taught for some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, in accordance with the regulations, with See also:great success. In 1254 he was made provincial of his order, and fulfilled, the arduous duties of the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office with great care and efficiency. During the time he held this office he publicly defended the See also:Dominicans against the university of Paris, commented on St See also:John, and answered the errors of the Arabian philosopher, See also:Averroes. In 126o the See also:pope made him See also:bishop of Regensburg, which office he resigned after three years. The See also:remainder of his See also:life he spent partly in See also:preaching throughout See also:Bavaria and the adjoining districts, partly in retirement in the various houses of his order; in 1270 he preached the eighth Crusade in See also:Austria; almost the last of his labours was the See also:defence of the orthodoxy of his former See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil, See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Aquinas. He died in 128o, aged seventy-four. He was beatified in 1622, and he is commemorated on the 16th of See also:November. Albert's See also:works (published in twenty-one folios by the Dominican See also:Pierre Jammy in 1651, and reproduced by the See also:Abbe Borgnet, Paris, 189o, 36 vols.) sufficiently attest his great activity. He was the most widely read and most learned See also:man of his time. The whole of Aristotle's works, presented in the Latin See also:translations and notes of the Arabian commentators, were by him digested, interpreted and systematized in accordance with See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church See also:doctrine. Albert's activity, however, was,rather philosophical than theological (see See also:SCHOLASTICISM). The philosophical works, occupying the first six and the last of the twenty-one volumes, are generally divided according to the Aristotelian See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of the sciences, and consist of interpretations and condensations of Aristotle's relative works, with supplementary discussions depending on the questions then agitated, and occasionally divergences from theopinions of the See also:master. His See also:principal theological works are a commentary in three volumes on the Books of the Sentences of See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter Lombard (Magister Sententiarum), and the Summa Theologiae in two volumes. This last is in substance a repetition of the first in a more didactic See also:form. Albert's knowledge of See also:physical See also:science was considerable and for the See also:age accurate. His See also:industry in every See also:department was great, and though we find in his See also:system many of those gaps which are characteristic of scholastic See also:philosophy, yet the protracted study of Aristotle gave him a great See also:power of systematic thought and exposition, and the results of that study, as See also:left to us, by no means See also:warrant the contemptuous See also:title sometimes given him—the "See also:Ape of Aristotle." They rather See also:lead us to appreciate the motives which caused his contemporaries to bestow on him the See also:honourable surnames " The Great " and " See also:Doctor Universalis." It must, however, be admitted that much of his knowledge was See also:ill digested; it even appears that he regarded See also:Plato and See also:Speusippus as See also:Stoics. Albertus is frequently mentioned by See also:Dante, who made his doctrine of See also:free-will the basis of his ethical system. Dante places him with his pupil Aquinas among the great lovers of See also:wisdom (Spiriti Sapienti) in the See also:Heaven of the See also:Sun.
See See also:Paget See also:Toynbee, " Some Obligations of Dante to Albertus Magnus in Romania, See also:xxiv. 400-412, and the Dante See also:Dictionary by the same author. For Albert's life see J. Sighart, Albertus Magnus, sein Leben und. See also:seine Wissenschaft (Regensburg, 1857; Eng. trans., See also:Dixon, See also:London, 1876) ; H. Finke, Ungedruckte Dominikanerbriefe See also:des 13. Jahrh. (See also:Paderborn, 1891). For his philosophy A. StOckl, Geschichte d. scholastischen Philosophie ; J. E. See also:Erdmann, Grundriss d. Ges. d.
Phil. vol. i. 8. The histories of See also:Haureau, See also:Ritter, Prantl and Windelband may also be consulted. See also W. Feiler, See also:Die Moral d. A. M. (See also:Leipzig, 1891) ; M. See also:Weiss, Ueber mariologische Schriften des A. M. (Paris, 1898) ; Jos. See also:Bach, Des A. M. Verhaltniss zu d. Erkenntnisslehre d. Griechen, Romer, Araber u. Judea (See also:Vienna, 1881); See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyk. (1897); Vacant, See also:Diet. Theol. Cathol. (s.v.) ; Ch. Jourdain in Diet. d. sciences philos. (s.v.) ; M. See also:Joel, Des Verhaltniss A. d. G. zu See also:Moses See also:Maimonides (See also:Breslau, 1863).
End of Article: ALBERTUS MAGNUS (ALBERT OF COLOGNE, ? 1206-I280)
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