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See also:CALLOVIAN (from Callovium, the Latinized See also:form of Kellaways, a See also:village not far from See also:Chippenham in See also:Wiltshire) , in See also:geology, the name introduced by d'See also:Orbigny for the strata which constitute the See also:base of the See also:Oxfordian or lowermost See also:stage of the See also:Middle Oolites. The See also:term used by d'Orbigny in 1844 was " Kellovien," subsequently altered to " Callovien " in 1849; See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith wrote " Kellaways " or "Kelloways See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
Stone" towards the See also:close of the 18th See also:century. In See also:England it is now usual to speak of the Kellaways Beds; these comprise (1) the Kellaways See also:Rock, alternating See also:clays and sands with frequent but irregular concretionary calcareous sandstones, with abundant fossils; and (2) a See also:lower See also:division, the Kellaways See also:Clay, which often contains much selenite but is poor in fossils. The lithological characters are impersistent, and the sandy phase encroaches sometimes more, sometimes less, upon the true See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford Clay. The rocks may be traced from Wiltshire into See also:Bedfordshire, See also:Lincolnshire and See also:Yorkshire, where they are well exposed in the cliffs at See also:Scarborough and Gristhorpe, at Hackness (90 ft.), Newtondale (8o ft.). and Kepwick (See also:loo ft.). In Yorkshire, however, the Callovian rocks See also:lie upon a somewhat higher palaeontological See also:horizon than in Wiltshire. In England, Kepplerites calloviensis is taken as the See also:zone fossil; other See also:common forms are Cosmoceras modiolare, C. gowerianum, Belemnites oweni, Ancyloceras calloviense, See also:Nautilus calloviensis, Avicula ovalis, Gryphaea bilobata, &c.
On the See also:European See also:continent the " Callovien " stage is used in a sense that is not exactly synonymous with the See also:English Callovian; it is employed to embrace beds that lie both higher and lower in the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time-See also:scale. Thus, the See also:continental Callovien includes the following zones:
Upper Callovien IZone of Peltoceras athleta, Cosmoceras Duncani, (Divesien) Quenstedtoceras Lamberti and Q. marine.
Zone of Reineckia anceps, Stephanoceras coeo-
Lower Callovien natum and Cosmoceras See also:Jason and a lower zone of C. gowerianum and Macrocephalites 1 macrocephalus.
Rocks of Callovian See also:age (according to the continental See also:classification) are widely spread in See also:Europe, which, with the exception of numerous insular masses, was covered by the Callovian See also:Sea. The largest of these See also:land areas See also:lay over Scandinavia and See also:Finland, and extended eastward as far as the 4oth See also:meridian. In See also:arctic regions these rocks have been discovered in Spitzbergen, See also:Franz Josef Land, the See also:east See also:coast of See also:Greenland, and See also:Siberia. They occur in the See also:Hebrides and See also:Skye and in England as indicated above. In See also:France they are well exposed on the coast of See also:Calvados between See also:Trouville and Dives, where the marls and clays are zoo ft. thick. In the See also:Ardennes clays bearing See also:pyrites and oolitic See also:limonite are about 30 ft. thick. Around See also:Poitiers the Callovian is too ft. thick, but the formation thins in the direction of the See also:Jura.
Clays and shales with ferruginous oolites represent the Callovian of See also:Germany; while in See also:Russia the deposits of this age are mainly argillaceous. In See also:North See also:America Callovian fossils are found in See also:California; in See also:South America in See also:Bolivia. In See also:Africa they have been found in See also:Algeria and See also:Morocco, in See also:Somaliland and See also:Zanzibar, and on the See also:west coast of See also:Madagascar. In See also:India they are
represented by the shales and limestones of the Chari See also:series of See also:Cutch. Callovian rocks are also recorded from New See also:Guinea and the See also:Moluccas.
See Juxnsslc; also A. de See also:Lapparent, Traite de geologie, vol. ii. (5th ed., 1906), and H. B. See also:Woodward, " The See also:Jurassic Rocks of See also:Britain," Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. v. U. A.
End of Article: CALLOVIAN (from Callovium, the Latinized form of Kellaways, a village not far from Chippenham in Wiltshire)
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