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CLERKENWELL , a See also:district on the See also:north See also:side of the See also:city of See also:London, See also:England, within. the See also:metropolitan See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of See also:Finsbury (q.v.). It is so called from one of several See also:wells or springs in this district, near which See also:miracle plays were performed by the See also:parish clerks of London. This well existed until the See also:middle of the 19th See also:century. Here was situated a priory, founded in 1100, which See also:grew to See also:great See also:wealth and fame as the See also:principal institution in England of the Knights Hospitallers of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order of St See also:John of See also:Jerusalem. Its gateway, erected in 1504, and remaining in St John's Square, served various purposes after the suppression of the monasteries, being, for example, the birthplace of the See also:Gentleman's See also:Magazine in 1731, and the See also:scene of Dr See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson's See also:work in connexion with that See also:journal. In See also:modern times the See also:gatehouse again became associated with the Order, and is the headquarters of the St John's See also:Ambulance Association. An See also:Early See also:English See also:crypt remains beneath the neighbouring parish See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St John, where the notorious deception of the " See also:Cock See also:Lane See also:Ghost," in which Johnson took great See also:interest, was exposed. Adjoining the priory was St See also:Mary's See also:Benedictine nunnery, St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James's church (1792) marking the site, and preserving in its vaults some of the See also:ancient monuments. In the 17th century Clerkenwell became a fashionable See also:place of See also:residence. A See also:prison erected here at this See also:period gave place later to the See also:House of
„ „ Detention, notorious as the scene of a Fenian See also:outrage in 1867,
'The accepted English See also:pronunciation, See also:clark, is found in when it was sought to See also:release certain prisoners by blowing up See also:part See also:southern English as early as the 15th century; but See also:northern dialects
still preserve the e See also:sound (” clurk "), which is the See also:common See also:pro- of the See also:building. Clerkenwell is a centre of the See also:watch-making and nunciation in See also:America. s' ,eweller's See also:industries, See also:long established here; and the Northamptoll
were called See also:minor orders, and in 1350 the See also:privilege was extended to See also:secular as well as to religious clerks; and, finally, the test of being a clerk was the ability to read the opening words of See also:verse z of See also:Psalm li., hence generally known as the " See also:neck-verse." Even this requirement was abolished in 1705. In 1487 it was enacted that every layman, when convicted of a clergyable See also:- FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel
felony, should be branded on the thumb, and disabled from claiming the benefit a second See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. The privilege was extended to peers, even if they could not read, in 1547, and to See also:women, partially in 1622 and fully in 1692. The partial exemption claimed by the Church did not apply to the more atrocious crimes, and hence offences came to be divided into clergyable and unclergyable. According to the common practice in England of working out modern improvements through antiquated forms, this exemption was made the means of modifying the severity of the criminal See also:law. It became the practice to claim and be allowed the benefit of See also:clergy; and when it was the intention by See also:statute to make a See also:crime really punishable with See also:death, it was awarded " without benefit of clergy." The benefit of clergy was abolished by a statute of 1827, but as this statute did not See also:repeal that of 1547, under which peers were given the privilege, a further statute was passed in 1841 putting peers on the same footing as See also:commons and clergy.
For a full See also:account of benefit of clergy see See also:Pollock and See also:Maitland, See also:History of English Law, vol. i. 424-440; also See also:Stephen, History of the Criminal Law of England, vol. i.; E. See also:Friedberg, Corpus See also:juris canonici (See also:Leipzig, 1879-1881).
End of Article: CLERKENWELL
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