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FITZ See also:NEAL or (FITZ See also:NIGEL), See also:RICHARD (d. 1198), treasurer of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. and Richard I. of See also:England, and See also:bishop of See also:London, belonged to a See also:great administrative See also:family whose fortunes were closely linked with those of Henry I., Henry II. and Richard I. The founder of the family was See also:Roger, bishop of See also:Salisbury, the great See also:minister of Henry I. Before the See also:death of that See also:sovereign (1135) the care of the See also:treasury passed from Roger to his See also:nephew, Nigel, bishop of See also:Ely (d. 1169), who held that See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office until the whole family were disgraced by See also:Stephen (1139). Becoming a See also:partisan of the empress, Nigel reaped his See also:reward at the See also:accession of her son, Henry II., who made him at first See also:chancellor and then treasurer. Nigel's son, Richard, who was See also:born before his See also:father's See also:elevation to the episcopate (1133), succeeded to the office of treasurer in 1158, and held it continuously for See also:forty years. His name appears in the lists of itinerant justices for 1179 and 1194, but these are the only occasions on which heexercised that office. Before 1184 he became See also:dean of See also:Lincoln; and was in that See also:year presented by the See also:chapter of Lincoln among three select candidates for the vacant see. The See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king passed him over in favour of See also:Hugh of See also:Avalon, having resolved on this occasion to make a disinterested See also:appointment. Richard I., however, rewarded the treasurer's services with the see of London (1189).
Richard Fitz Neal is best remembered as an author. He lacked the broad statesmanship of his father and great-See also:uncle; he avoided any connexion with See also:political parties; he is only once mentioned as taking See also:part in a debate of the Great See also:Council (1193), and then spoke, in his See also:character as a bishop, to support a royal demand for a See also:special aid. But his See also:work De necessariis observantiis Scaccarii dialogus, commonly called the Dialogus de Scaccario, is of unique See also:interest to the historian. It is an See also:account, in two books, of the See also:procedure followed by the See also:exchequer in the author's See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. Richard handles his subject with the more See also:enthusiasm because, as he explains, the " course " of the exchequer was largely the creation of his own family. When read in connexion with the See also:Pipe Rolls the Dialogus furnishes a most faithful and detailed picture of See also:English fiscal arrangements under Henry II. The speakers in the See also:dialogue are Richard himself and an See also:anonymous See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil. The latter puts leading questions which Richard answers in elaborate See also:fashion. The date of the conversation is given in the See also:prologue as 1176–1177. This probably marks the date at which the See also:book was begun; it was not completed before 1178 or 1179. Soon after the author's death we find it already recognized as the See also:standard See also:manual for exchequer officials. It was frequently transcribed and has been used by English antiquarians of every See also:period. Hence it is the more necessary to insist that the See also:historical statements which the See also:treatise contains are some-times demonstrably erroneous; the author appears to have relied excessively upon oral tradition. But, as the work is only known to us through transcripts, it is possible that some of the blunders which it now contains are due to the misdirected zeal of editors. Richard Fitz Neal also compiled in his earlier years a See also:register or See also:chronicle of contemporary affairs, arranged in three parallel columns. This was preserved in the exchequer at the time when he wrote the Dialogus, but has since disappeared. See also:Stubbs' conjectural See also:identification of this See also:Liber tricolumnis with the first part of the Gesta Henrici (formerly attributed to See also:Benedictus Abbas) is now abandoned as untenable.
See Madox's edition in his See also:History of the Exchequer (1769) ; and that of A. See also:Hughes, C. G. Crump and C. See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1902). F. See also:Liebermann's Einleitung in den Dialogus de Scaccario (See also:Gottingen, 1875) contains the fullest account of the author. (H. W. C. D.)
FITZ-OSBERN, ROGER (fl. 1070), succeeded to the earldom of See also:Hereford and the English See also:estate of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Fitz-Osbern in 1071. He did not keep on See also:good terms with William the Conqueror, and in 1075, disregarding the king's See also:prohibition, married his See also:sister Emma to See also:Ralph Guader, See also:earl of See also:Norfolk, at the famous bridal of See also:Norwich. Immediately afterwards the two earls rebelled. But Roger, who was to bring his force from the See also:west to join the earl of Norfolk, was held in check at the See also:Severn by the See also:Worcestershire See also:fyrd which the English bishop See also:Wulfstan brought into the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field against him. On the collapse of his confederate's rising, Roger was tried before the Great Council, deprived of his lands and earldom, and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment; but he was released, with other political prisoners, at the death of William I. in 1087.
FITZ-OSBERN, WILLIAM, Earl of Hereford (d. 1071), was an intimate friend of William the Conqueror, and the See also:principal See also:agent in preparing for the invasion of England. He received the earldom of Hereford with the special See also:duty of pushing into See also:Wales. During William's See also:absence in 1067, Fitz-Osbern was See also:left as his See also:deputy in central England, to guard it from the Welsh on one See also:side, and the Danes on the other. He also acted as William's See also:lieutenant during the rebellions of 1069. In 1070 William sent him to assist See also:Queen See also:Matilda in the See also:government of See also:Normandy. But Richilde, widow of See also:Baldwin VI. of See also:Flanders, having offered to marry him if he would protect her son See also:Arnulf against See also:Robert the Frisian, Fitz-Osbern accepted
the proposal and joined Richilde in Flanders. He was killed, fighting against Robert, at See also:Cassel in 1071.
See See also:Freeman, See also:Norman See also:Conquest, vols. iii. and iv.; See also:Sir See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Ramsay, See also:Foundations of England, vol. ii.
End of Article: FITZ NEAL
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