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FROHSCHAMMER, JAKOB (1821-1893)
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See also:FROHSCHAMMER, See also:JAKOB (1821-1893) , See also:German theologian and philosopher, was See also:born at Iilkofen, near See also:Regensburg, on the 6th of See also:January 1821. Destined by his parents for the See also:Roman See also:Catholic priesthood, he studied See also:theology at See also:Munich, but See also:felt an ever-growing attraction to See also:philosophy. Nevertheless, after much hesitation, he took what he himself calls the most mistaken step of his See also:life, and in 1847 entered the priesthood. His keenly logical See also:intellect, and his impatience of authority where it clashed with his own convictions, quite unfitted him for that unquestioning obedience which the See also: He was denounced by the See also:pope himself in an apostolic brief of the 1th of See also:December 1862, and students of theology were forbidden to attend his lectures. See also:FROISSART seigneurie of See also:Beaumont See also:fell into the hands of See also:Jean, younger soh of the See also:count of See also:Hainaut. With this Jean, sire de Beaumont, lived a certain See also:canon of See also:Liege called Jean le See also:Bel, who fortunately was not content simply to enjoy life. Instigated by his seigneur he set himself to write contemporary history, to tell " la pure veriteit de tout li fait entierement al manire de chroniques." With this view, be compiled two books of See also:chronicles. And the chronicles of Jean le Bel were not the only See also:literary monuments belonging to the See also:castle of Beaumont. A See also:hundred years before him See also:Baldwin d'Avernes, the then seigneur, had caused to be written a See also:book of chronicles or rather genealogies. It must therefore be remembered that when Froissart undertook his own chronicles he was not conceiving a new See also:idea, but only following along See also:familiar lines. Some 20 M. from Beaumont stood the prosperous See also:city of See also:Valenciennes, possessed in the 14th See also:century of important privileges and a flourishing See also:trade, second only to places like See also:Bruges or See also:Ghent in See also:influence, See also:population and See also:wealth. Beaumont, once her See also:rival, now regarded Valenciennes as a See also:place where the ambitious might seek for wealth or See also:advancement, and among those who migrated thither was the See also:father of Foissart. He appears from a single passage in his son's verses to have been a painter of armorial See also:bearings. There was, it may be noted, already what may be called a school of painters at Valenciennes. Among them were Jean and See also:Colin de Valenciennes and See also:Andre Beau-Neveu, of whom Froissart says that he had not his equal in any See also:country. The date generally adopted for his See also:birth is 1338. In after years Froissart pleased himself by recalling in See also:verse the scenes and pursuits of his childhood. These are presented in vague generalities. There is nothing to show that he was unlike any other boys, and, unfortunately, it did not occur to him that a photograph of a schoolboy's life amid See also:bourgeois surroundings would be to posterity quite as interesting as that faithful See also:portraiture of courts and knights which he has See also:drawn up in his See also:Chronicle. As it is, we learn that he loved See also:games of dexterity and skill rather than the sedentary amusements of See also:chess and See also:draughts, that he was beaten when he did not know his lessons, that with his companions he played at tournaments, and that he was always conscious—a statement which must be accepted with suspicion—that 'he was born
" Loer Dieu et servir le monde."
In any case he was born in a place, as well as at a time, singularly adapted to fill the See also:brain of an imaginative boy. Valenciennes was then a city extremely See also:rich in romantic associations. Not far from its walls was the western fringe of the See also:great See also:forest of See also:Ardennes, sacred to the memory of Pepin, See also:Charlemagne, See also:Roland and Ogier. Along the See also:banks of the See also:Scheldt stood, one after the other, not then in ruins, but See also:bright with See also:banners, the gleam of See also:armour, and the liveries of the men at arms, castles whose seigneurs, now forgotten, were famous in their See also:day for many a gallant feat of arms. The castle of Valenciennes itself was illustrious in the See also:romance of Perceforest. There was born that most glorious and most luckless See also:hero, Baldwin, first See also:emperor of See also:Constantinople: All the splendour of See also:medieval life was to be seen in Froissart's native city: on the walls of the Salle le See also:Comte glittered—perhaps painted by his father—the arms and scutcheons beneath the banners and helmets of Luxembourg, Hainaut and See also:Avesnes; the streets were crowded with knights and soldiers, priests, artisans and merchants; the churches were rich with stained See also:glass, delicate See also:tracery and See also:precious See also:carving; there were See also:libraries full of richly illuminated See also:manuscripts on which the boy could gaze with delight; every year there was the fete of the See also:puy d' Amour de Valenciennes, at which he would hear the verses of the competing poets; there were festivals, masques, mummeries and moralities. And, whatever there might be elsewhere, in this happy city there was only the pomp, and not the misery, of See also:war; the See also:fields without were tilled, and the harvests reaped, in See also:security; the workman within plied his See also:craft unmolested for See also:good wage. But the eyes of the boy were turned upon the castle and not upon the See also:town; it was the splendour of the knights which dazzled him, insomuch that he
Public See also:opinion was now keenly excited; he received an See also:ovation from the Munich students, and the See also: A See also:conference of Catholic savants, held in 1863 under the See also:presidency of Dellinger, decided that authority must be supreme in the Church. When, however, Dellinger and his school in their turn started the Old Catholic See also:movement, Frohschammer refused to See also:associate himself with their cause, holding that they did not go far enough, and that their See also:declaration of 1863 had cut the ground from under their feet. Meanwhile he had, in 1862, founded the Athendum as the See also:organ of Liberal Catholicism. For this he wrote the first adequate See also:account in German of the Darwinian theory of natural selection, which See also:drew a warm See also:letter of appreciation from See also:Darwin himself. Excommunicated in 1871, he replied with three articles, which were reproduced in thousands as See also:pamphlets in the See also:chief See also:European See also:languages: Der Fels Petri in Rom (1873), Der Primal Petri and See also:des Papstes (1875), and Das Christenthum Christi and das Christenthum des Papstes (1876). In Das neue Wissen and der neue Glaube (1873) he showed himself as vigorous an opponent of the See also:materialism of See also:Strauss as of the doctrine of papal See also:infallibility. His later years were occupied with a See also:series of philosophical works, of which the most important were: Die Phantasie als Grundprincip des Weltprocesses (1877), Ober die See also:Genesis der Menschheit and deren geistige Entwicklung in See also:Religion, Sittlichkeit and Sprache (1883), and Ober die Organisation and Cultur der menschlichen Gesellschaft (1885). His See also:system is based on the unifying principle of See also:imagination (Phantasie), which he extends to the See also:objective creative force of Nature, as well as to the subjective See also:mental phenomena to which the See also:term is usually confined. He died at See also:Bad Kreuth in the Bavarian See also:Highlands on the 14th of See also:June 1893. In addition to other See also:treatises on theological subjects, Frohschammer was also the author of Monaden and Weltphantasie and Ober die Bedeutung der Einbildungskraft in der Philosophie Kants and Spinozas (1879) ; Ober die Principien der Aristotelischen Philosophie and die Bedeutung der Phantasie in derselben (1881); Die Philosophie als Idealwissenschaft and System (1884) ; .Die Philosophie des Thomas von See also:Aquino kritisch gewfirdigt (1889); Uber das Mysterium Magnum des Daseins (1891) ; System der Philosophie See also:im Umriss, pt. i. (1892). His autobiography was published in A. Hinrichsen's Deutsche Denker (1888). See also F. Kirchner, Ober das Grundprincip des Welt-processes (1882), with special reference to F.; E. Reich, Weltanschauung and Menschenleben; Betrachtungen fiber die Philosophie J. Frohschammers (1894); B. Miinz, J. Frohschammer, der Philosoph der Weltphantasie (1894) and Briefe von and fiber J. Frohschammer (1897); J. See also:Friedrich, Jakob Frohschammer (1896) and Systematische and krilische Darstellung der Psychologie J. Frohschammers (1899) A. Attensperger, J. Frohschammers philosophisches System im Grundriss (1899). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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