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GAVARNI , the name by which SULPIcE See also:GUILLAUME See also:CHEVALIER (18or-1866), See also:French caricaturist, is known. He is said to have taken the nom de plume from the See also:place where he made his first published See also:sketch. He was See also:born in See also:Paris of poor parents, and started in See also:life as a workman in an See also:engine-See also:building factory. At the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he attended the See also:free school of See also:drawing. In his first attempts to turn his abilities to some See also:account he met with many disappointments, but was at last entrusted with the drawing of some illustrations for a See also:journal of See also:fashion. Gavarni was then See also:thirty-four years of See also:age. His See also:sharp and witty See also:pencil gave to these generally See also:commonplace and unartistic figures a life-likeness and an expression which soon won for him a name in fashionable circles. Gradually he gave greater See also:attention to this more congenial See also:work, and finally ceased working as an engineer to become the director of the journal See also:Les Gens du monde. His ambition rising in proportion to his success, Gavarni from this time followed the real See also:bent of his inclination, and began a See also:series of lithographed sketches, in which he portrayed the most striking characteristics, foibles and vices of the various classes of French society. The letterpress explanations attached to his drawings were always See also:short, but were forcible and highly humorous, if sometimes trivial, and were admirably adapted to the particular subjects. The different stages through which Gavarni's See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent passed, always elevating and refining itself, are well See also:worth being noted. At first he confined himself to the study of Parisian See also:manners, more especially those of the Parisian youth. To this vein belong Les Lorettes, Les Actrices, Les Coulisses, Les Fashionables, Les Gentilshommes See also:bourgeois, Les Artistes, Les Debardeurs, See also:Clichy, Les Etudiants de Paris, Les Baliverneries parisiennes, Les Plaisirs See also:chain pares, Les Bals masques, Le See also:Cat-See also:naval , Les Souvenirs du carnaval, Les Souvenirs du bal Chicard, La See also:Vie See also:des jeunes hommes, Les See also:Patois de Paris. He had now ceased to be director of Les Gens du monde; but he was engaged as See also:ordinary caricaturist of Le See also:Charivari, and, whilst making the See also:fortune of the See also:paper, he made his own. His name was exceedingly popular, and his illustrations for books were eagerly sought for by publishers. Le Juif errant, by See also:Eugene See also:Sue (1843, 4 vols. 8vo), the French See also:translation of Hoffman's tales (1843, 8vo), the first collective edition of See also:Balzac's See also:works (Paris, Houssiaux, 1850, 20 vols. 8vo), Le Diable d Paris (1844-1846, 2 vols. 4to), Les See also:Francais peints See also:par eux-memes (1840-1843, 9 vols. 8vo), the collection of Physiologies published by Aubert in 38 vols. 18mo (184o-1842),—all owed a See also:great See also:part of their success at the time, and are still sought for, on account of the See also:clever and telling sketches contributed by Gavarni. A single See also:frontispiece or See also:vignette was sometimes enough to secure the See also:sale of a new See also:book. Always desiring to enlarge the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of his observations, Gavarni soon abandoned his once favourite topics. He no longer limited himself to such types as the lorette and the Parisian student, or to the description of the noisy and popular pleasures of the See also:capital, but turned his See also:mirror to the See also:grotesque sides of See also:family life and of humanity at large. Les Enf ants terribles, Les Parents terribles, Les Fourberies des femmes, La Politique des femmes, Les Maxis Den's, Les Nuances du sentiment, Les See also:Reeves, Les Petits Jeux de societe, Les Petits Malheurs du See also:bonheur, Les Impressions de See also:menage, Les Interjections, Les Traductions en langue vulgaire, Les See also:Pro pos de See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Vireloque, &c., were composed at this time, and are his most elevated productions. But whilst showing the same See also:power of See also:irony as his former works, enhanced by a deeper insight into human nature, they generally See also:bear the See also:stamp of a See also:bitter and even sometimes gloomy See also:philosophy.. This tendency was still more strengthened by a visit to See also:England in 1849. He returned from See also:London deeply impressed with the scenes of misery and degradation which he had observed among the See also:lower classes of that See also:city. In the midst of the cheerful See also:atmosphere of Paris he had been struck chiefly by the ridiculous aspects of vulgarity and See also:vice, and he had laughed at them. But the debasement of human nature which he saw in London appears to have affected him so forcibly that from that time the cheerful caricaturist never laughed or made others laugh again. What he hadwitnessed there became the almost exclusive subject of his drawings, as powerful, as impressive as ever, but better calculated to be appreciated by cultivated minds than by the public, which had in former years granted him so wide a popularity. Most of these last compositions appeared in the weekly paper L'See also:Illustration. In 1857 he published in one See also:volume the series entitled Masques et visages (r vol. 12mo), and in 1869, about two years after his See also:death, his last See also:artistic work, Les Douze Mois (I vol. fol.), was given to the See also:world. Gavarni was much engaged, during the last See also:period of his life, in scientific pursuits, and this fact must perhaps be connected with the great See also:change which then took place in his manner as an artist. He sent several communications to the Academie des Sciences, and till his death on the 23rd of See also:November 1866 he was eagerly interested in the question of aerial See also:navigation. It is said that he made experiments on a large See also:scale with a view to find the means of directing balloons; but it seems that he was not so successful in this See also:line as his See also:fellow-artist, the caricaturist and photographer, Nadar.
Gavarni's Euvres choisies were edited in 1845 (4 vols. 4t0) with letterpress by J. See also:Janin, Th. See also:Gautier and Balzac, followed in 185o by two other volumes named Perles et parures; and some essays in See also:prose and in See also:verse written by him were collected by one of his biographers, Ch. Yriarte, and published in 1869. See also E. and J. de See also:Goncourt, Gavarni, l'homme et l'eeuvre (1873, 8vo). J. See also:Claretie has also devoted to the great French caricaturist a curious and interesting See also:essay. A See also:catalogue raisonne of Gavarni's works was published by J. Armelhault and E. Bocher (Paris, 1873, 8vo).
GAVAllI, • ALESSANDRO (1809-1888), See also:Italian preacher and patriot, was born at See also:Bologna on the 21st of See also:March 1809. He at first became a See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk (1825), and attached himself to the Barnabites at See also:Naples, where he afterwards (1829) acted as See also:professor of See also:rhetoric. In 184o, having already expressed liberal views, he was removed to See also:Rome to fill a subordinate position. Leaving his own See also:country after the See also:capture of Rome by the French, he carried on a vigorous See also:campaign against priests and See also:Jesuits in England, See also:Scotland and See also:North See also:America, partly by means of a periodical, the Gavazzi Free W ord. While in England he gradually went over (1855) to the Evangelical See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, and became See also:head and organizer of the Italian Protestants in London. Returning to See also:Italy in 186o, he served as See also:army-See also:chaplain with See also:Garibaldi. In 187o he became head of the Free Church (Chiesa libera) of Italy, See also:united the scattered Congregations into the "Unione delle Chiese libere in Italia," and in 1875 founded in Rome the theological See also:college of the Free Church, in which he himself taught dogmatics, See also:apologetics and polemics. He died in Rome on the 9th of See also:January 1889.
Amongst his publications are No See also:Union with Rome (1871); The See also:Priest in-See also:Absolution (1877) ; My Recollections of the Last Four Popes, &c., in See also:answer to See also:Cardinal See also:Wiseman (1858) ; Orations, 2 decades (1851).
End of Article: GAVARNI
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