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GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES . These names are doubtless Italianized forms of the See also:German words Well and See also:Waiblingen, although one tradition says that they are derived from See also:Guelph and Gibel, two See also:rival See also:brothers of See also:Pistoia. Another theory derives Ghibelline from Gibello, a word used by the Sicilian See also:Arabs to translate See also:Hohenstaufen. However, a more popular See also:story tells how, during a fight around See also:Weinsberg in See also:December 1140 between the German See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king See also:Conrad III. and See also:Welf, See also:count of See also:Bavaria, a member of the powerful See also:family to which See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry the See also:Lion, See also:duke of See also:Saxony and Bavaria, belonged, the soldiers of the latter raised the cry " Hie Well!" to which the king's troops replied with " Hie Waiblingen!" this being the name of one of Conrad's castles. But the rivalry between Well and Hohenstaufen, of which family Conrad was a member, was anterior to this event, and had been for some years a prominent fact in the See also:history of See also:Swabia and Bavaria, although its introduction into See also:Italy—in a slightly modified See also:form, however—only See also:dates from the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the See also:Italian expeditions of the See also:emperor See also:Frederick I. It is about this time that the German chronicler, See also:Otto of See also:Freising, says, " Duae in Romano orbe apud Galliae Germaniaeve fines famosae familiae actenus fuere, una Heinricorum de Gueibelinga, alia Guelforum de Aldorfo, altera imperatores, altera magnos duces producere solita." Chosen German king in 1152, Frederick was not only the See also:nephew and the See also:heir of Conrad, he was related also to the Welfs; yet, although his See also:election See also:abated to some extent the rivalry between Welf and Hohenstaufen in See also:Germany, it opened it upon a larger and fiercer See also:scale in Italy.
During the See also:long and interesting See also:period covered by Frederick's Italian See also:campaigns, his enemies, prominent among whom were the cities of the Lombard See also:League, became known as Welfs, or Guelphs, while his partisans seized upon the rival See also:term of
Waiblingen, or Ghibelline, and the contest between these two parties was carried on with a ferocity unknown even to the inhabitants of See also:southern Germany. The distracted See also:state of See also:northern Italy, the jealousies between various pairs of towns, the See also:savage hatred between family and family, were some of the causes which fed this See also:feud, and it reached its height during the momentous struggle between Frederick II. and the Papacy in the 13th See also:century. The story of the contest between Guelph and Ghibelline, however, is little less than the history of Italy in the See also:middle ages. At the opening of the 13th century it was intensified by the fight for the German and imperial thrones between See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, duke of Swabia, a son of Frederick I., and the Welf, Otto of See also:Brunswick, afterwards the emperor Otto IV., a fight waged in Italy as well as in Germany. Then, as the heir of Philip of Swabia and the rival of Otto of Brunswick, Frederick II. was forced to throw himself into the arms of the Ghibellines, while his enemies, the popes, ranged themselves definitely among the Guelphs, and soon Guelph and Ghibelline became synonymous with supporter of See also:pope and emperor.
After the See also:death of Frederick II. in 1250 the Ghibellines looked for leadership to his son and successor, the German king, Conrad IV., and then to his natural son, See also:Manfred, while the Guelphs called the See also:French See also:prince, See also:Charles of See also:Anjou, to their aid. But the combatants were nearing exhaustion, and after the See also:execution of See also:Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen, in 1268, this See also:great struggle began to lose force and See also:interest. Guelph and Ghibelline were soon found representing See also:local and family rather than papal and imperial interests; the names were taken with little or no regard for their See also:original significance, and in the 15th century they began to See also:die out of current politics. However, when See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XII. of See also:France conquered See also:Milan at the beginning of the 16th century the old names were revived; the French king's supporters were called Guelphs and the See also:friends of the emperor See also:Maximilian I. were referred to as Ghibellines.
The feud of Guelph and Ghibelline penetrated within the walls of almost every See also:city of northern Italy, and the contest between the parties, which practically makes the history of See also:Florence during the 13th century, is specially noteworthy. First one See also:side and then the other was driven into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile; the Guelph defeat at the See also:battle of See also:Monte Aperto in 126o was followed by the See also:expulsion of the Ghibellines by Charles of Anjou in 1266, and on a smaller scale a similar story may be told of many other cities (see FLORENCE).
The Guelph cause was buttressed by an See also:idea, yet very nebulous, of Italian patriotism. Dislike of the German and the foreigner rather than any strong See also:affection for the Papacy was the feeling which See also:bound the Guelph to the pope, and so enabled the latter to defy the arms of Frederick II. The Ghibelline cause, on the other See also:hand, was aided by the dislike of the temporal See also:power of the pope and the See also:desire for a strong central authority. This made See also:Dante a Ghibelline, but the hopes of this party, kindled anew by the See also:journey of Henry VII. to Italy in 1310, were extinguished by his departure. J. A. See also:Symonds thus de-See also:scribes the constituents of the two parties: " The Guelph party meant the burghers of the consular Communes, the men of See also:industry and See also:commerce, the upholders of See also:civil See also:liberty, the friends of democratic expansion. The Ghibelline party included the naturalized nobles, the men of arms and idleness, the See also:advocates of See also:feudalism, the politicians who regarded constitutional progress with disfavour. That the banner of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church floated over the one See also:camp, while the See also:standard of the See also:empire rallied to itself the hostile party, was a See also:matter-of comparatively superficial moment." In another passage the same writer thus describes the See also:sharp and universal See also:division between Guelph and ,Ghibelline: " Ghibellines wore the feathers in their caps upon one side, Guelphs upon the other. Ghibellines cut See also:fruit at table crosswise, Guelphs straight down . . . Ghibellines drank out of smooth and Guelphs out of chased goblets. Ghibellines wore See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white and Guelphs red See also:roses." It is interesting to See also:note that while Dante was a Ghibelline, See also:Petrarch was a Guelph.
See J. A. Symonds, The See also:Renaissance in Italy, vol. i. (1875).
End of Article: GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES
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