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root, and the provision made for children below the compulsory age is based uponl In 1873 there were 42 kindergartens with 1252 pupils; in 1898 the See also:

numbers had risen to 2884 with 143,720 pupils; more than See also:

HALF

half these were private schools, managed by charitable institutions or by individuals for profit. In 1904-1905 there were 3176 public kindergartens with 205,118 pupils. See also:

Austria See also:

Hungary.—Provision in Austria is made for children under six by two types of institution, the See also:

Day Nursery (Kinderbewahranstalten) and the Kindergarten. In 1872 as the result of a See also:

State See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission the Kindergarten was established in the state system of education. Its aim is to "confirm and See also:

COMPLETE

complete the See also:

home education of children under school age, so that through regulated exercise of See also:

BODY

body and mind they may be prepared for institution in the See also:

PRIMARY

primary school." No See also:

REGULAR

regular teaching in See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary school subjects is allowed; See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, singing and handwork, and training of speech and observation by See also:

OBJECTS

objects, tales and gardening are the means adopted. The training for teachers in these schools is regulated by See also:

law. No children are to be received in a kindergarten till the beginning of the See also:

FOURTH

fourth and must leave at the end of the See also:

SIXTH

sixth See also:

YEAR

year.

In 1902–1903 there were 77,002 children in kindergartens and 74,110 in the day nurseries. In Hungary a law was passed in 1891 providing for the education and care of children between three and six, either by asyle or nurseries open all the year See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round in communes which contribute from £830 to £1250 in state See also:

taxation, or during the summer in those whose contribution is less. Communes above the higher sum must provide kindergartens. In 1904 there were over 233,000 children in such institutions. Belgium.—For children between three and six education and training are provided by Ecoles gardiennes or Jardins d'enfants. They are See also:

FREE

free but not compulsory, are provided and managed by the communes, receive a state See also:

grant, and are under See also:

government inspection. Schools provided by private individuals or institutions must conform to the conditions of the communal schools. There is a large amount of voluntary assistance especially in the provision of clothes and See also:

food for the poorer children. The state first recognized these schools in 1833. In 1881 there were 708 schools with See also:

ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for over 56,000 children; in 1907 there were 2837 and 264,845 children, approximately one-half of the See also:

TOTAL

total number of children in the country between the ages of three and six. In 1890 the See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of Public Instruction issued a See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

code of rules on which is based the organization of theEcoles gardiennes throughout Belgium, but some of the communes have regulations of their own. A See also:

SPECIAL

special examination for teachers in the Ecoles gardiennes was started in 1898.

All candidates must pass this examination before a certificat de capacite is granted. The training includes a course in Froebelian methods. While See also:

FROEBEL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM AUGUST (1782-1852)

Froebel's system underlies the training in these schools, the teaching is directed very much towards the See also:

PRACTICAL

practical education of the See also:

child, special stress being laid on See also:

MANUAL

manual dexterity. See also:

READING

Reading, See also:

writing and See also:

ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic are also allowed in the classes for the older children. A marked feature of the Belgian schools is the See also:

close See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention paid to See also:

HEALTH

health and personal cleanliness. In all schools there is a femme de service, not a teacher, but an attendant, whose See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty it is to see to the tidiness and cleanliness of the children, and to their See also:

PHYSICAL

physical requirements. See also:

France.—The first regular infant school was established in See also:

Paris at the beginning of the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and styled a Salle d'essai. In 1828 a See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model school, called a Salle d'asile, was started, followed shortly by similar institutions all over France. State recognition and inspection were granted, and by 1836 there were over 800 in Paris and the provinces. In 1848,they became establishments of public instruction, and the name Ecole maternelle which they have since See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne was given them. Every See also:

commune with 2000 inhabitants must have one of these schools or a Classe enfantine. See also:

ADMISSION

Admission is free, but not compulsory, for children between two and six.

Food and clothes are provided in exceptional cases. Formal See also:

MENTAL

mental instruction is still given to a large extent, and the older children are taught reading, writing and arithmetic. Though the staffs of the school include femmes de service, not so much attention is paid to cleanliness as in Belgium, nor is so much stress laid on See also:

HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

hygiene. In 1906–1907 there were 411L public and private Ecoles maternelles in France, with over 65o,000 pupils. The closing of the clerical schools has led to some diminution in the numbers. See also:

Germany.—There are two classes of institution in Germany for children between the ages of 21- or 3 and 6. These are the Kleinkinderbewahranstalten and Kindergarten. The first are primarily social in purpose, and afford a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for the children of mothers whohave to leave their homes for See also:

WORK

work. These institutions, principally conducted by religious or charitable See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, remain open all day and meals are provided. Many of them have a kindergarten attached, and others provide some training on Froebelian principles. The kindergartens proper are also principally in private hands, though most municipalities grant See also:

FINANCIAL

financial assistance. They are conducted on advanced Froebelian methods, and formal teaching in reading, writing and arithmetic is excluded.

In See also:

COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, See also:

DUSSELDORF

Dusseldorf, See also:

FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank-fort and See also:

MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich there are municipal schools. The state gives no recognition to these institutions and they See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form no See also:

PART

part of the public system of education. See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland.—In the See also:

German speaking cantons the smaller towns and villages provide for the younger children by Bewahranstalten, generally under private management with public financial help. The larger towns provide kindergartens where the training is free but not compulsory for children from four to six. These are generally conducted on Froebel's system and there is no formal instruction. In the See also:

French speaking cantons the Ecoles enfantines are recognized as the first See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of elementary education. They are free and not compulsory for children from three to six years of age. (C.

End of Article: INFANT SCHOOLS

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