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See also:MONTGELAS, See also:MAXIMILIAN JOSEF GARNERIN, See also:COUNT VON (1759-1838) , Bavarian statesman, came of a See also:noble See also:family in See also:Savoy. His See also:father See also:John Sigmund Garnerin, See also:Baron Montgelas, entered the military service of Maximilian See also:Joseph III., elector of See also:Bavaria, and married the countess See also:Ursula von Trauner. Maximilian Josef, their eldest son, was See also:born on the loth of See also:September 1759. He was educated successively at See also:Nancy, See also:Strassburg and See also:Ingolstadt. Being a Savoyard on his father's See also:side, he naturally See also:felt the See also:French See also:influence, which was then strong in 'See also:Germany, with See also:peculiar force. To the end of his See also:life he spoke and wrote French more correctly and with more ease than See also:German. In 1779 he entered the public service in the See also:department of the censorship of books. The elector See also:Charles See also:Theodore, who had at first favoured him, became offended on discovering that he was associated with the See also:Illuminati, the supports of the See also:anti-clerical See also:movement called the Aufklarung. Montgelas therefore went to See also:Zweibrucken, where he was helped by his See also:brother Illuminati to find employment at the See also:court of the See also:duke, the See also:head of a blanch of the See also:Wittelsbach famil). From this See also:refuge also he was driven by orthodox enemies of the Illuminati. The brother of the duke of Zweibrucken—Maximilian Joseph—took him into his service as private secretary. When his employer succeeded to the duchy Montgelas was named See also:minister, and in that capacity he attended the See also:conference of Rastadt in 1798, where the reconstruction of Germany, which was the consequence of the French ,Revolution, was in full See also:swing. In 1799 the duke of Zweibrucken succeeded to the electorate of Bavaria, and he kept Montgelas as his most trusted adviser. Montgelas was the inspirer and director of the policy by which the electorate of Bavaria was turned into a See also:kingdom, and was very much increased in See also:size by the See also:annexation of See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church lands, See also:free towns and small lordships. As this end was achieved by undeviating servility to See also:Napoleon, and the most cynical disregard of the rights of Bavaria's German neighbours, Montgelas became the type of an unpatriotic politician in the eyes of all Germans who revolted against the supremacy of See also:France. From his own conduct and his written See also:defence of his policy it is clear that such sentiments as theirs appeared to be merely childish to Montgelas. He was a thorough politician of the
18th-See also:century type, who saw and attempted to see nothing except that Bavaria had always been threatened by the See also:house of See also:Habsburg, had been supported by See also:Prussia for purely selfish reasons, and could look for useful support against these two only from France, who had selfish reasons of her own for wishing to counterbalance the See also:power both of See also:Austria and Prussia in Germany. As See also:late as 1813, when Napoleon's power was visibly breaking down, and Montgelas knew the See also:internal weakness of his See also:empire well from visits to See also:Paris, he still continued to maintain that France was necessary to Bavaria. The decision of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king to turn against Napoleon in 1814 was taken under the influence of his son and of See also:Marshal See also:Wrede rather than of Montgelas, though the minister would not have been influenced by any feeling of sentimentality to adhere to an ally who had ceased to be useful. In internal affairs Montgelas carried out a policy of secularization and of administrative centralization often by brutal means, which showed that he had never wholly renounced his opinions of the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the Enlightenment movement. His enemies persuaded the king to dismiss him in 1817, and he spent the See also:remainder of his life in retirement till his See also:death in 1838. He had married the countess von Arco in 1803, and had eight See also:children; in 1809 he was made a count.
See Denkwurdigkeiten See also:des bayr. Staatsministers Maximilian See also:Graf von Montgelas, a German version of the French See also:original, ed. by See also:Ludwig Graf v. Montgelas (See also:Stuttgart, 1887) ; Briefe des Stadtsministers Grafen Montgelas, ed. by Julie von Zerzog (See also:Regensburg, 1853); See also:Dumoulin Eckart, Bayern unter dem Ministerium Montgelas (See also:Munich, 1894).
End of Article: MONTGELAS, MAXIMILIAN JOSEF GARNERIN, COUNT VON (1759-1838)
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