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See also:SABBATION, or SAMBATYON , a See also:river (real or imaginary) in See also:Media—named in some old authorities (Palestinian See also:Talmud; and See also:Midrash Gen. See also:Rabba, lxxiii.)—the site of the See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile of the Ten Tribes. But See also:Josephus (See also:War, vii. v. i) has this curious passage, from which, no doubt, many of the subsequent legends were derived:
" Now See also:Titus See also:Caesar tarried some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time at Berytus (See also:Beirut) and then removed thence and gave magnificent shows in all the cities of See also:Syria through which he went, and exhibited the See also:captive See also:Jews as See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of the destruction of that nation. He saw on his See also:march a river (identified by See also:Sir C. W. See also:- WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
- WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
- WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
- WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
- WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
- WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
- WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
- WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
- WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
- WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
- WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
- WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
- WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
- WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
- WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )
Wilson with the stream See also:running from the intermittent See also:spring Fauwar ed-See also:Deir in the See also:Lebanon ') of such a nature as deserves to be recorded in See also:history. It runs between Arcaea ('Arka), which is See also:part of See also:Agrippa's See also:kingdom, and Rapharaea (Rafaniyeh, at See also:north end of the Lebanon), and has something very wonderful and See also:peculiar in it. .For when it runs, its current is strong, and has plenty of See also:water; after which its springs fail for six days together, and leave its channel dry, as any one may see. After this it runs on the seventh See also:day as it did before, and as though it had undergone no See also:change at all, and it has been observed to keep this See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order perpetually and exactly: whence they See also:call it the Sabbatic river, so naming it from the sacred See also:Sabbath of the Jews."
See also:Whiston, in his notes to Josephus, already points out that See also:Pliny describes the same river (Hist. Nat. xxxi. II), but according to his See also:account the river ran for six days and rested on the seventh. This is the favourite See also:form of the See also:legend, for though there are intermittent streams in various parts of See also:Asia, none has yet been found to correspond to the fixed regularity posited in the tradition. Various See also:medieval travellers reported such See also:rivers, e.g. Petahiah of See also:Regensburg, who states that such a stream may be found near Jabneh, but his assertion is unfounded. Mahommedans still assert that Josephus's statement is true of the Nahr-al-Arus in the neighbourhood in which he locates his Sabbatic river, but See also:modern travellers See also:report that this stream runs every third day. Such facts would, however, be sufficient to explain the origin of the legend. The accounts of Josephus and Pliny do not assert that the intermittence of the current had any connexion with Saturday. Aqiba (q.v.) in the See also:early part of the 2nd See also:century A.D., however, assumes this connexion (Sanhedrin 65 b), and a confusion between the Sambatyon of the Lost Tribes and the Sabbatical river of Syria begins to See also:manifest itself. It is owing to the narrative of Eldad the Danite (q.v.) that the Sambatyon river See also:rose into wide fame in the 9th century. His See also:diary became the Arabian Nights not only of the Jews but also of many medieval Christians and Moslems. Eldad describes the See also:Children of See also:Moses, a powerful and Utopian See also:race, whose territory is surrounded by a wonderful river. He describes it in these terms:
" The river Sambatyon is 200 yds. broad, about as far as a See also:bow-shot. It is full of See also:sand and stones, but without water; the stones make a See also:great See also:noise like the waves of the See also:sea and a stormy See also:wind, so that in the See also:night the noise is heard at a distance of See also:half a day's See also:journey. There are See also:sources of water which collect themselves in one See also:pool, out of which they water the See also:fields. There are See also:fish in it, and all kinds of clean birds See also:fly See also:round it. And this river of See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone and sand rolls during the six working days and rests on the Sabbath day. As soon as the Sabbath begins, See also:fire surrounds the river, and the flames remain until the next evening, when the Sabbath ends."
NSldeke (Beitrage zur Geschichte See also:des Alexanderromans, 48) has shown that the Sambatyon appears in one version of the See also:Alexander Legend. Kaswini, the author of the Arab Cosmography, also refers to the Sambatyon. So does Prester See also:John in his See also:letter addressed to the See also:emperor See also:Frederick; in his account it is the violence of the current of sand and stone that. prevents the Lost Tribes from reuniting. It is unnecessary to summarize
the various embellishments of the legend; in one version the river attains a width of 17 in. and throws stones as high as a See also:house. But there are no stones on Saturday; it then resembles a See also:lake of See also:snow-See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white sand. Menasseh See also:ben See also:Israel (q.v.), who gave See also:vogue to this latter See also:story in his See also:Hope of Israel, adds the detail that if sand from Sambatyon be kept in a See also:bottle it agitates itself during six days but remains still on the Saturday.
The site of the Sambatyon varies considerably in the different narratives. Media, See also:Ethiopia, See also:Persia, See also:India, the See also:Caspian See also:district, —all these are suggested. Reggio identified the river with the See also:Euphrates, Flinn with the Zeb in Adiabene. But as Neubauer remarks: " It would be lost time to trouble ourselves about the See also:identification of this stream."
See Neubauer, " Where are the Ten Tribes? " in Jewish Quarterly See also:Review, vol. i. passim; M. Seligsohn in Jewish Encyclopedia, x. 681.
(I.
End of Article: SABBATION, or SAMBATYON
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