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SIEVES , See also:EMMANUEL-See also:JOSEPH (1748-1836), See also:French See also:abbe and statesman, one of the See also:chief theorists of the revolutionary and See also:Napoleonic era, was See also:born at See also:Frejus in the See also:south of See also:France on the 3rd of May 1748. He was educated for the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church at the See also:Sorbonne; but while there he eagerly imbibed the teachings of See also:Locke, See also:Condillac, and other See also:political thinkers, in preference to See also:theology. Nevertheless he entered the church, and owing to his learning and subtlety advanced until he became See also:vicar-See also:general and See also:chancellor of the See also:diocese of See also:Chartres. In 1788 the excitement caused by the proposed See also:convocation of the States
General of France after the See also:interval of more than a See also:century and a See also:half, and the invitation of See also:Necker to writers to See also:state their views as to the constitution of the Estates, enabled Sieyes to publish his celebrated pamphlet, "What is the Third See also:Estate?" Ile thus begins his See also:answer,—" Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order? Nothing. What does it See also:desire? To be something." For this mot he is said to have been indebted to See also:Chamfort. In any See also:case, the pamphlet had a See also:great See also:vogue, and its author, despite doubts See also:felt as to his clerical vocation, was elected as the last (the twentieth) of the deputies of See also:Paris to the States General. Despite his failure as a See also:speaker, his See also:influence became great; he strongly advised the constitution of the Estates in one chamber as the See also:National See also:Assembly, but he opposed the abolition of See also:tithes and the See also:confiscation of church lands. Elected to the See also:special See also:committee on the constitution, he opposed the right of " See also:absolute See also:veto " for the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, which See also:Mirabeau unsuccessfully supported. For the most See also:part, however, he veiled his opinions in the National Assembly, speaking very rarely and then generally with oracular brevity and See also:ambiguity. He had a considerable influence on the framing of the depart-See also:mental See also:system, but after the See also:spring of 1790 his influence was eclipsed by men of more determined See also:character. Only once was he elected to the See also:post of fortnightly See also:president of the Constituent Assembly. Excluded from the Legislative Assembly by See also:Robespierre's self-denying See also:ordinance, he reappeared in the third National Assembly, known as the See also:Convention (See also:September 1792–September 1i95); but there his self-effacement was even more remarkable; it resulted partly from disgust, partly from timidity. He even abjured his faith at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the See also:installation of the goddess of See also:reason; and afterwards he characterized his conduct during the reign of terror in the ironical phrase, J'ai vecu. He voted for the See also:death of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVI., but not in the contemptuous terms La molt sans phrases sometimes ascribed to him. He is known to have disapproved of many of the provisions of the constitutions of the years 1791 and 1793, but did little or nothing to improve them.
In 1795 he went on a See also:diplomatic See also:mission to the See also:Hague, and was instrumental in See also:drawing up a treaty between the French and Batavian republics. He dissented from the constitution of 1795 (that of the See also:Directory) in some important particulars, but without effect, and thereupon refused to serve as a Director of the See also:Republic. In May 1798 he went as the plenipotentiary of France to the See also:court of See also:Berlin in order to try to induce See also:Prussia to make See also:common cause with France against the Second See also:Coalition. His conduct was skilful, but he failed in his See also:main See also:object. The See also:prestige which encircled his name led to his being elected a Director of France in See also:place of See also:Rewbell in May 1799. Already he had begun to intrigue for the overthrow of the Directory, and is said to have thought of favouring the See also:advent to See also:power at Paris of persons so unlikely as the See also:Archduke See also:Charles and the See also:duke of See also:Brunswick. He now set himself to See also:sap the See also:base of the constitution of 1795. With that aim he caused the revived Jacobin See also:Club to be closed, and made overtures to General See also:Joubert for . a coup d'etat in the future. The death of Joubert at the See also:battle of Novi, and the return of See also:Bonaparte from See also:Egypt marred his schemes; but ultimately he came to an understanding with the See also:young general (see See also:NAPOLEON I.). After the coup d'etat of See also:Brumaire, Sieyes produced the perfect constitution which he had See also:long been planning, only to have it completely remodelled by Bonaparte. Sieyes soon retired from the post of provisional See also:consul, which he accepted after Brumaire; he now became one of the first senators, and rumour, probably rightly, connected this retirement with the acquisition of a See also:fine estate at Crosne. After the See also:bomb See also:outrage at the See also:close of 1800 (the affair of Nivose) Sieyes in the See also:senate defended the arbitrary and illegal proceedings whereby Bonaparte rid himself of the leading See also:Jacobins. During the See also:empire he rarely emerged from his retirement, but at the time of the See also:Bourbon restorations (1814 and 1815) he See also:left France. After the See also:July revolution (183o) he returned; he died at Paris on the zoth of See also:June 1836. The thin, See also:wire-See also:drawn features of Sieyes were the See also:index of his mind, which was keen-sighted but narrow, dry and essentially limited. His lackof character and wide sympathies was a misfortune for the National Assemblies which he might otherwise have guided with effect.
See A. Neton, Sieyes (1748–1836) d'apres documents inedits (Paris, 1900) ; also the chief histories on the French Revolution and the Napoleonic empire. (J. HL.
End of Article: SIEVES
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