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Bessarion, and explain that the pope, having been brought up in a mendicant order, was inexperienced and did not appreciate the liberality of his donations after his See also:

election. There is no doubt that the expenditures of his pontificate were prodigal. Sixtus sent Cardinal Caraffa with a See also:

FLEET

fleet against the See also:

TURKS

Turks, but the expedition was unsuccessful. He continued to condemn the Pragmatic See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

Sanction in See also:

France, and denounced especially the See also:

ordinance of See also:

Louis XI. which required (8th of See also:

JANUARY

January 1475) the royal placet for the publication of all papal decrees. He likewise continued his predecessor's negotiations with the See also:

TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar See also:

IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan III. for thereunion of the See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

Church with the See also:

ROMAN

Roman see and for support against the Turks, but without result. He was visited in 1474 by See also:

King See also:

Christian of See also:

Denmark and See also:

Norway, and in the following See also:

YEAR

year (12th of See also:

JUNE

June) he established the university of See also:

COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen. Sixtus soon abandoned his universal policy in order to concentrate See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention on See also:

ITALIAN

Italian politics, and the' admirable See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy which he had shown at first was clouded by the favours which he now heaped upon unworthy relations.

Not content with enriching them by gifts and lucrative offices, he made their aggrandizement the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

OBJECT

object of his policy as a See also:

SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

prince. Sixtus was cognisant of the See also:

CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of the Pazzi, plotted (1478) by his See also:

NEPHEW

nephew, Cardinal Riario, against Lorenzo de' See also:

Medici. He entered into a fruitless and inglorious See also:

war with See also:

Florence, which kept See also:

Italy for two years (1478—8o) in confusion. He next incited the Venetians to attack See also:

FERRARA

Ferrara, and then, after having been delivered by their general, Roberto Malatesta, from a Neapolitan invasion, he turned upon them and eventually assailed them for refusing to .desist from the hostilities which he had himself instigated. He relied on the co-operation of Lodovico See also:

Sforza, who speedily forsook him; and vexation at having See also:

peace forced upon him by the princes and cities of Italy is said to have hastened his See also:

DEATH

death. Several events of his pontificate are noteworthy: he granted many privileges to the mendicant orders, especially to the See also:

FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans; he endeavoured to suppress abuses in the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish See also:

INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition; he took See also:

MEASURES

measures against the Waldenses; he approved (1475) the See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the Immaculate Conception for the 8th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December; in 1478 he formally annulled the decrees of the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

Con-stance; and he canonized St See also:

BONAVENTURA, SAINT (JOHN OF FIDANZA)

Bonaventura (14111 of See also:

APRIL

April 1482). The most praiseworthy See also:

side of his pontificate *as his munificence as a founder or restorer of useful institutions, and a See also:

PATRON

patron of letters and See also:

art. He established and richly endowed the first foundling See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, built and repaired numerous churches, constructed the Sistine See also:

CHAPEL

Chapel and the Sistine See also:

BRIDGE

Bridge, improved church See also:

MUSIC

music and instituted the famous Sistine See also:

CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, commissioned paintings on the largest See also:

scale, pensioned men of learning, and, above all, immortalized himself as the second founder of the Vatican library. These great See also:

WORKS

works, however, were not accomplished without grievous See also:

taxation. See also:

ANNATES (Lat. annatae, from annus, " year ")

Annates were increased and See also:

SIMONY

simony flourished. Though himself pious, of blameless morality, hospitable to a See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, and so exempt from avarice, says his secretary See also:

Conti, that he could not endure the sight of See also:

MONEY

money, it was Sixtus's misfortune to have had no natural outlet for strong affections except unworthy relatives; and his great vices were nepotism, ambition and extravagance. He died on the 12th of August 1484, and was succeeded by See also:

Innocent VIII.

See L. Pastor, See also:

HISTORY

History of the Popes, vol. iv., trans. by F. I. Antrobus (See also:

LONDON

London, 1898) ; M. See also:

CREIGHTON, MANDELL (1843—1901)

Creighton, History of the Papacy, vol. iv. (London, 1901); F. See also:

GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (1821-1891)

Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:

MIDDLE

Middle Ages, vol. vii., trans. by Mrs G. W. See also:

Hamilton (London, 1900–1902); See also:

Jacob See also:

Burckhardt, Geschichte der See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance in Italien (4th ed., 1904); J. A. See also:

Symonds, Renaissance in Italy; E. Frantz, Sixtus IV. u. See also:

die Republik Florenz (See also:

REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, 188o) ; I.

Schlecht, " Sixtus IV. u. die deutschen Drucker in Rom," in S. .Ehses, Festschrift zu elfhunderljahrigen Tubilaum See also:

des Campo Santo (See also:

FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1897) ; Aus den Annaten-Registern der PdpsteEugen IV., See also:

PIUS

Pius II., Paul II. u. Sixtus IV., ed. by K. Hayn (See also:

COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, 1896). (C. H.

End of Article: SIXTUS IV

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