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See also:VESPERS, SICILIAN , the revolution of the Sicilians against the Angevin domination, so called because it See also:broke out at the See also:hour a Vespers on See also:Easter Tuesday 1282. See also:Charles I. of See also:Anjou had a countered more resistance in conquering See also:Sicily than on the mainland, as the See also:people were more See also:independent and more strongly attached to the See also:house of See also:Hohenstaufen; and consequently his See also:government was more oppressive and cruel. The officials and the insolent See also:French See also:nobility whom he established in the See also:island rode rough-shod over the privileges of the native See also:aristocracy and the customs of the people, and the natives were ground down by heavy taxes and degrading See also:personal services. The debased currency ruined See also:trade, and the government treated the Sicilians with the utmost contempt. " The See also:outrage of personal service," wrote See also:Amari (Guerra del Vespro, ch. iv.), " exceeded the limits of See also:feudalism as well as of the strangest and most brutal caprices. See also:Noble and worthy men were forced to carry viands and See also:wine on their shoulders to the tables of the foreigner, and many See also:young nobles were constrained to turn the See also:spit in his kitchens like scullions or slaves." The See also:administration was more See also:regular, and therefore more unyielding and heartless, than that of the Hohenstaufens, and also more See also:foreign. Hatred of Angevin See also:rule See also:grew See also:day by day, until the people were driven to revolt. According to tradition, the See also:leader of the rising was Giovanni da See also:Procida, a Salernitan noble with Sicilian connexions, who had been in the service of Hohenstaufens, but, having lost position and See also:property after the fall of See also:Conradin, he had taken See also:refuge at the See also:court of See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter III., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Aragon, and induced him to try to make See also:good his claims on Sicily, which were based on the rights of his See also:queen, Costanza, daughter of See also:Manfred. But as a See also:matter of fact the actual outbreak was a purely
unpremeditated popular See also:movement. Charles at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was making preparations for an attack on the See also:East See also:Roman See also:empire,. and extorting more See also:money than ever from the Sicilians in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to meet his expenses. Peter availed himself of the fears which Charles's ambitions were arousing to open negotiations with his various enemies, especially with the See also:Greek See also:emperor, See also:Michael See also:Palaeologus, the See also:Italian Ghibellines, the discontented Sicilian nobles, and perhaps with See also:Pope See also:Nicholas III. Suddenly the people of Sicily, goaded beyond endurance, See also:rose against their rulers, regardless of these various plots. On the 31st of See also:March 1282 a See also:riot broke out in a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church near See also:Palermo, in consequence, according to tradition, of the insults of a French soldier towards a Sicilian woman, and a See also:general See also:massacre of the French began. The rising spread to the See also:city, where the See also:republic was proclaimed, and then through the See also:rest of the island; thousands of French men, See also:women and See also:children were butchered (there may be some exaggeration in the wholesale See also:character of the slaughter), and by the end of See also:April the whole of Sicily was in the hands of the rebels. Charles at once led an expedition against the Sicilians and besieged See also:Messina; and although the enemy had been expelled, they wouid hardly have been able to withstand this new invasion successfully had they not received assistance from Peter of Aragon and their own nobility, whose See also:conspiracy they had so unexpectedly forestalled. This intervention, however, changed the character of the movement, and the See also:free communes which had been proclaimed throughout the island had to submit to the royal prerogatives and to a revived feudalism. Peter, having reached Palermo in See also:September 1282, accepted the Sicilian See also:crown voluntarily offered to him, levied recruits, and declared See also:war on Charles. Hostilities were carried on by See also:land and See also:sea, and the Angevin attacks on Messina were repulsed and followed up by raids on See also:Calabria, where Reggio and other towns declared for King Peter. Charles proposed to See also:settle the Sicilian question by a single combat between himself and Peter; but although the See also:duel was agreed upon it never took See also:place, owing to the mutual distrust of the two rivals. Peter created some discontent by conferring many offices in Sicily on Aragonese and Catalans, but at the See also:parliament of See also:Catania (1283) he under-took at his See also:death to leave Aragon to his son See also:Alphonso and Sicily to his younger son See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James, so that the two crowns should not be See also:united, an arrangement which See also:fell in with the Sicilians' aspirations towards See also:independence. Pope See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin IV., unlike Nicholas III., threw the whole See also:weight of his authority in favour of the Angevins, excommunicated Peter and the Sicilians, declaring that the former had forfeited even his rights to Aragon, conferred on Charles's expedition to reconquer the island the privileges of a crusade, and levied dimes throughout Christendom to See also:supply the funds. The See also:reason for this uncompromising attitude lies in the papal claim that Sicily was a See also:fief of the Church, a claim which could only be enforced by means of the Angevins. But Charles's See also:fleet was completely destroyed off See also:Malta by that of the Sicilians and Aragonese, commanded by the Calabrese Ruggiero di See also:Lauria (See also:June 1283), and a second fleet met with a similar See also:fate a See also:year later in the See also:bay of See also:Naples, on which occasion Charles's son (afterwards Charles II., to Zoppo) was captured. The Aragonese were now masters of the sea. Risings broke out even in the mainland provinces, and while Charles was preparing for a supreme effort to re-establish his authority he died (1285). Peter died soon after, but the war went on and spread to Aragon, which the Angevins, in virtue of the pope's See also:excommunication of Peter, were trying to conquer. In 1287 the French encountered a fresh See also:naval disaster at the llani:s of Lauria, and a force which they landed in Sicily was defeated. A two years' truce was now agreed upon, and Charles II. was liberated on his promising to renounce all claims on Aragon; but the pope Nicholas IV., who was determined that no See also:peace should be made unless the Aragonese gave up the island, absolved him from his See also:oath and crowned him king of the Two Sicilies (1289). Alphonso died in 1291, and was succeeded by his See also:brother James, who took See also:possession of the Aragonese crown, leaving his brother See also:Frederick as See also:governor of Sicily, thus uniting the two kingdoms, in violation of King
Peter's promises. He then opened negotiations with Pope See also:Boniface VIII. (they had been begun by Alphonso and Nicholas IV.), and eventually agreed to surrender the towns captured in the Neapolitan provinces to Charles II., and See also:hand over Sicily to the Church, actually binding himself to assist in crushing the Sicilians if they resisted; in See also:exchange he was to marry Charles's daughter, Bianca, and to receive See also:Sardinia and See also:Corsica, while Charles's See also:cousin, Charles of See also:Valois, was to renounce his claims on Aragon (1295). This treaty aroused See also:bitter indignation in Sicily, where all classes' determined to resist its See also:execution at all See also:costs. They found a leader in Frederick, who, rejecting all the pope's blandishments and bribes, threw in his See also:lot with the Sicilians. For the sequel of the war see under FREDERICK III. of Sicily. Peace was made with the treaty of Caltabellotta in 1302, which See also:left Sicily an independent See also:kingdom under Frederick for that See also:prince's lifetime; and although at his death it was to have reverted to the Angevins, he was actually succeeded by his son, and the island retained its independence for a considerable See also:period. Undoubtedly the Vespers and its See also:con-sequences revived Sicilian nationalism after the period of de-grading Angevin oppression, and with the new See also:dynasty a higher See also:civilization, nearly rivalling that which had flourished under the Hohenstaufens, an improved constitution, and See also:fine military qualities were the outcome.
End of Article: VESPERS, SICILIAN
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