Online Encyclopedia

colony of Teos, and Nymphaeum .had some connexion with Athens—at least it appears to have been a member of the Delian Confederacy. The towns have See also:

LEFT

left hardly any architectural or sculptural remains, but the numerous barrows in their neighbourhood have yielded very beautiful See also:

OBJECTS

objects now mostly preserved in the Hermitage in St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg. They comprise especially See also:

gold See also:

WORK

work, vases exported from See also:

Athens,textiles and specimens of See also:

CARPENTRY

carpentry and See also:

MARQUETRY (Fr. marqueterie, from marqueter, to inlay, literally to mark, marquee)

marquetry. The numerous terra-cottas are rather See also:

RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude in See also:

style. According to Diodorus Siculus (xii. 31) the locality was governed from 480 to 438 B.C. by the Archaeanactidae, probably a ruling See also:

FAMILY

family, who gave See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to a See also:

TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant Spartocus (438-431 B.C.), apparently a Thracian. He founded a See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty which seems to have endured until c. r 10 B.C.

The Spartocids have left many See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions which tell us that the earlier members of the See also:

house ruled as archons of the Greek cities and See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of various native tribes, notably the Sindi of the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island district and other branches of the Maitae (Maeotae). The See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of Diodorus, the inscriptions and the coins do not See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply sufficient material for a See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

list of them. Satyrus (431-387), the successor of Spartocus, established his See also:

RULE

rule over the whole district, adding Nymphaeum to his dominions and laying See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to See also:

THEODOSIA

Theodosia, which was a serious commercial See also:

RIVAL

rival by See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of its See also:

ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-See also:

FREE

free See also:

PORT

port and See also:

DIRECT

direct proximity to the cornfields of the eastern Crimea. It was reserved for his son Leucon (387-347) to take this See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city. He was succeeded by his two sons conjointly, Spartocus II, and Paerisades; the former died in 342 and his See also:

BROTHER

brother reigned alone until 310. Then followed a See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

war in which Eumelus (310-303) was successful. His successor was Spartocus III. (303-283) and after him Paerisades II. Succeeding princes repeated the family names, but we cannot assign them any certain See also:

order. We know only that the last of them, a Paerisades, unable to make headway against the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the natives, called in the help of See also:

DIOPHANTUS

Diophantus, See also:

general of See also:

MITHRADATES

Mithradates VI. (the See also:

GREAT

Great) of See also:

PONTUS

Pontus, promising to See also:

hand over his See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom to that See also:

prince. He was slain by a Scythian Saumacus who led a See also:

REBELLION

rebellion against him.

The house of Spartocus was well known as a See also:

LINE

line of enlightened and See also:

wise princes; although Greek See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion could not deny that they were, strictly speaking, tyrants, they are always described as dynasts. They maintained See also:

close relations with Athens, their best customers for the Bosporan See also:

corn export, of which Leucon I. set the See also:

STAPLE

staple a t Theodosia, where the See also:

ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic See also:

SHIPS

ships were allowed See also:

SPECIAL

special privileges. We have many references to this in the Attic orators. In return the Athenians granted him Athenian citizenship and set up decrees in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of him and his sons. Mithradates the Great entrusted the Bosporus Cimmerius to his son Machares, who, however, deserted to the See also:

Romans. But even when driven out of his own kingdom by See also:

POMPEY

Pompey, Mithradates was strong enough to regain the Bosporus Cimmerius, and Machares slew himself. Subsequently the Bosporans again See also:

rose in revolt under Pharnaces, another of the old See also:

king's sons. After the See also:

DEATH

death of Mithradates (B.c. 63), this Pharnaces (63-47) made his submission to Pompey, but tried to regain his dominion during the civil war. He was defeated by See also:

Caesar at Zela, and on his return to See also:

Rome was slain by a pretender Asander who married his daughter Dynamis, and in spite of See also:

ROMAN

Roman nominees ruled as See also:

ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

archon, and later as king, until 16 B.C. After his death Dynamic was compelled to marry an adventurer Scribonius, but the Romans under See also:

Agrippa interfered and set Polemon (14-8) in his place. To him succeeded Aspurgus (8 B.

C.-A. D. 38 ?), son of Asander, who founded a line of kings which endured with certain interruptions until A.D. 341. These kings, who mostly See also:

BORE

bore the Thracian names of See also:

COTYS

Cotys, Rhescuporis, Rhoemetalces, and the native name Sauromates, claimed descent from Mithradates the Great, and used the Pontic era (starting from 297 B.C.) introduced by him, regularly placing See also:

DATES

dates upon their coins and inscriptions. Hence we know their names and dates fairly well, though scarcely any events of their reigns are recorded. Their kingdom covered the eastern See also:

HALF

half of the Crimea and the Taman peninsula, and extended along the east See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Sea of Azov to Tanais at the mouth of the See also:

Don, a great mart for See also:

trade with the interior. They carried on a perpetual war with the native tribes, and in this were sup-ported by their Roman suzerains, who even See also:

LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent the assistance of See also:

garrison and See also:

FLEET

fleet. At times rival kings of some other See also:

RACE

race arose and probably produced some disorganization. At one of these periods (A.D. 255) the Goths and Borani were enabled to seize Bosporan See also:

SHIPPING

shipping and See also:

RAID

raid the shores of See also:

ASIA

Asia See also:

Minor. With the last See also:

coin of the last Rhescuporis, A.D.

341, materials for a connected See also:

HISTORY

history of the Bosporus Cimmerius come to an end. The kingdom probably succumbed to the See also:

HUNS

Huns established in the neighbourhood. In later times it seems in some sort to have been revived under See also:

BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

PROTECTION

protection, and from See also:

time to time Byzantine See also:

OFFICERS

officers built fortresses and exercised authority at Bosporus, which was constituted an archbishopric. They also held Ta Matarcha on the See also:

ASIATIC

Asiatic side of the strait, a See also:

TOWN

town which in the loth and 11th centuries became the seat of the See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian principality of Tmutarakan, which in its turn gave place to Tatar domination. The Bosporan kingdom is interesting as the first Hellenistic See also:

state, the first, that is to say, in which a mixed See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population adopted the Greek See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization. It depended for its prosperity upon the export of See also:

wheat, See also:

fish and slaves, and this See also:

commerce supported a class whose See also:

WEALTH

wealth and vulgarity are exemplified by the contents of the numerous tombs to which reference has been made. In later times a Jewish See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element was added to the population, and under its See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence were See also:

DEVELOPED

developed in all the cities of the kingdom, especially Tanais, See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of " worshippers of the highest See also:

God," apparently professing a monotheism which without being distinctively Jewish or See also:

Christian was purer than any found among the inhabitants of the See also:

EMPIRE

Empire. We possess a large See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of coins of Panticapaeum and other cities from the 5th century B.C. The gold staters of Panticapaeum bearing See also:

Pan's See also:

head and a See also:

griffin are specially remarkable for their See also:

WEIGHT

weight and See also:

FINE

fine workmanship. We have also coins with the names of the later Spartocids and a singularly complete series of dated solidi issued by the later or Achaemenian dynasty; in them may be noticed the See also:

swift degeneration of the gold solidus through See also:

SILVER

silver and potin to See also:

BRONZE

bronze (see also See also:

NUMISMATICS). See, for history, introduction to V. V.

Latyshev, Inscrr. orae Septent. Ponti Euxini, vol. ii. (St Petersburg, 189o) ; See also:

art. " Bosporus" (2) by C. G. See also:

BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1790–1867)

Brandis in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencycl. vol. in. 757 (See also:

STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1899) ; E. H. Minns, Scythians and Greeks (See also:

Cambridge, 1907). For inscriptions, Latyshev as above and vol. iv. (St See also:

Peters-See also:

BURG

burg, 1901). Coins: B.

Koehne, Musee Kotschoubey (St Petersburg, 1855). Religious Societies: E. See also:

SCHURER, EMIL (1844–1910)

Schurer in Sitzber. d. k. pr. Akad. d. Wissenschaft zu Berl'in (1897), I. pp. 200-227. Excavations: Antiquites du Bosphore cimmerien (St Petersburg, 1854, repr. See also:

Paris, 1892) and Coinpte rendu and Bulletin de la See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission See also:

Imp. Archeologique de St-Petersbourg. (E. H.

End of Article: BOSPORUS CIMMERIUS

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

[next]
BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, trad...