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See also:BRETSCHNEIDER, KARL GOTTLIEB (1776—1848) , See also:German See also:scholar and theologian, was See also:born at Gersdorf in See also:Saxony. In 1794 he entered the university of See also:Leipzig, where he studied See also:theology for four years. After some years of hesitation he resolved to be ordained, and in 1802 he passed with See also:great distinction the examination for candidatus theologiae, and attracted the regard of F. V. Reinhard, author of the See also:System der christlichen Moral x'.1788—1815), then See also:court-preacher at See also:Dresden, who became hiswarm friend and See also:patron during the See also:remainder of his See also:life. In 1804—1806 Bretschneider was Privat-docent at the university of See also:Wittenberg, where he lectured on See also:philosophy and theology. During this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he wrote his See also:work on the development of See also:dogma, Systematische Entwickelung aller in der Dogmatik vorkommenden Begriffe nach den symbolischen Schriften der evangelisch-lutherischen and ref ormirten Kirche (1805, 4th ed. 1841), which was followed by others, including an edition of See also:Ecclesiasticus with a Latin commentary. On the advance of the See also:French See also:army under See also:Napoleon into See also:Prussia, he determined to leave Wittenberg and abandon his university career. Through the See also:good offices of Reinhard, he became pastor of See also:Schneeberg in Saxony (1807). In 1808 he was promoted to the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of See also:superintendent of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of See also:Annaberg, in which capacity he had to decide, in accordance with the See also:canon See also:law of Saxony, many matters belonging to the See also:department of ecclesiastical law. But the See also:climate did not agree with him, and his See also:official duties interfered with his theological studies.
With a view to a See also:change he took the degree of See also:doctor of theology in Wittenberg in See also:August 1812. In 1816 he was appointed See also:general superintendent at See also:Gotha, where he remained until his See also:death in 1848. This was the great See also:period of his See also:literary activity.
In 1820 was published his See also:treatise on the See also:gospel of St See also:John, entitled Probabilia de Evangelii el Epistolarum Joannis Apostoli See also:indole et origine, which attracted much See also:attention. In it he collected with great fulness and discussed with marked moderation the arguments against Johannine authorship. This called forth a number of replies. To the astonishment of every one, Bretschneider announced in the See also:preface to the second edition of his Dogmatik in 1822, that he had never doubted the authenticity of the gospel, and had published his Probabilia only to draw attention to the subject, and to See also:call forth a more See also:complete See also:defence of its genuineness. Bretschneider remarks in his auto-See also:biography that the publication of this work had the effect of preventing his See also:appointment as successor to Karl C. Tittmann in Dresden, the See also:minister Detlev von Einsiedel (1773—1861) denouncing him as the "slanderer of John" (Johannisschander). His greatest contribution to the See also:science of exegesis was his See also:Lexicon Manuale Graeco-Latinum in libros Novi Testasnenti (1824, 3rd ed. 1840). This work was valuable for the use which its author made of the See also:Greek of the See also:Septuagint, of the Old and New Testament Apocrypha, of See also:Josephus, and of the apostolic fathers, in See also:illustration of the See also:language of the New Testament.
In 1826 he published Apologie der neuern Theologie See also:des evangelischen Deutschlands. See also:Hugh See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Rose had published in See also:England (1825) a See also:volume of sermons on the rationalist See also:movement (The See also:State of the See also:Protestant See also:Religion in See also:Germany), in which he classed Bretschneider with the rationalists; and Bretschneider contended that he himself was not a rationalist in the See also:ordinary sense of the See also:term, but a " rational supernaturalist." Some of his numerous dogmatic writings passed through several See also:editions. An See also:English See also:translation of his See also:Manual of the Religion and See also:History of the See also:Christian Church appeared in 1857. His dogmatic position seems to be intermediate between the extreme school of naturalists, such as Heinrich See also:Paulus, J. F. Rohr and See also:Julius See also:Wegscheider on the one See also:hand, and D. F. See also:Strauss and F. C. See also:Baur on the other. Recognizing a supernatural See also:element in the See also:Bible, he nevertheless allowed to the full the See also:critical exercise of See also:reason in the See also:- INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)
interpretation of its dogmas (cp. See also:Otto See also:Pfleiderer, Development of Theology, PP.
89 ff.).
See his autobiography, Aus meinem Leben: Selbstbiographie von K. G. Bretschneider (Gotha, 1851), of which a translation, with notes, by See also:Professor See also:George E. See also:Day, appeared in the Bibliotheca Sacra and See also:American Biblical Repository, Nos. 36 and 38 (1852, 1853); Neu-See also:decker in See also:Die allgemeine Kirchenzeitung (1848), No. 38; Wustemann, Brelschneideri Memoria (1848); A. G. See also:Farrar, Critical History of See also:Free Thought (See also:Bampton Lectures, 1862) ; See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed. 1897).
End of Article: BRETSCHNEIDER, KARL GOTTLIEB (1776—1848)
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