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CANOVAS DEL See also:CASTILLO, See also:ANTONIO (1828-1897) , See also:Spanish statesman, was See also:born in See also:Malaga on the 8th of See also:February 1828. Educated in his native See also:town, he went to See also:Madrid in 1845, See also:bent upon finding means to See also:complete his See also:literary and philosophical studies. His See also:uncle, See also:Don Serafin Estebanez See also:Calderon, found him a situation as clerk in the Madrid-See also:Aranjuez railway, but Canovas soon took to journalism and literature, earning enough to support himself and pay for his See also:law studies at the Madrid University. During this See also:period he published his two best works—an See also:historical novel, See also:Las Campanas de See also:Huesca, and the See also:history of the decay of See also:Spain from See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip III. to See also:Charles II. under the See also:house of See also:Austria. He became a politician through his See also:Junius-like letters to the " Murcielago "—The See also:Bat, a satirical See also:political See also:journal and by See also:drawing up the manifesto of See also:Manzanares in 1854 for See also:Marshal O'Donnell, of whom he always remained a loyal adherent. Canovas entered the See also:Cortes in 18J4; he was made See also:governor of See also:Cadiz in 1857, sub-director of the See also:state See also:department in 1858,under-secretary at the See also:home See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in 186o, See also:minister of the interior in 1864, minister of the colonies in 1865, minister of See also:finance in 1866, and was exiled by Marshal See also:Narvaez in the same See also:year, afterwards becoming a See also:bitter opponent of all the reactionary cabinets until the revolution of 1868. He took no See also:part in preparing that event. He sat in the Cortes Constituyentes of 1869 as a doctrinaire Conservative, combating all See also:Radical and democratic reforms, and defending the exiled Bourbons; but he abstained from voting when the Cortes elected Amadeus See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king on the 16th of See also:November 187o. He did not See also:object to some of his political See also:friends, like Silvela and See also:Elduayen, entering the cabinets of King Amadeus, and in 1872 declared that his attitude would depend on the concessions which See also:government would make to Conservative principles. After the See also:abdication of Amadeus and the See also:proclamation of the federal See also:republic, Canovas took the See also:lead of the propaganda in favour of the restoration of the Bourbons, and was their See also:principal See also:agent and adviser. He See also:drew up the manifesto issued in 1874 by the See also:young king See also:Alphonso XII., at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time a See also:cadet at See also:Sandhurst; but he dissented from the military men who were actively conspiring to organize an Alphonsist pronunciamiento. Like Marshal Concha, See also:marquis del Duero, he would have preferred to let events develop enough to allow of the See also:dynasty being restored without force of arms, and he severely blamed the conduct of the generals when he first heard of the pronunciamiento of Marshal See also:Campos at Sagunto. See also:Sagasta thereupon caused Canovas to be arrested(3othof See also:December 1874) ; but the next See also:day the Madrid See also:garrison also proclaimed Alphonso XII. king, and Canovas showed the full See also:powers he had received from the king to assume the direction of affairs. He formed a regency See also:ministry pending the arrival of his See also:majesty, who See also:con-firmed his See also:appointment, and for six years Canovas was premier except during the See also:short-lived cabinets of Marshal Jovellar in 1875 and Marshal Campos for a few months in 1879. Canovas was, in fact, the soul of the Restoration. He had to reconstruct a Conservative party out of the least reactionary parties of the days of See also:Queen See also:Isabella and out of the more moderate elements of the revolution. With such followers he made the constitution of 1876 and all the See also:laws of the See also:monarchy, putting a limited See also:franchise in the See also:place of universal See also:suffrage, curtailing See also:liberty of See also:conscience, rights of association and of See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting, liberty of the See also:press, checking See also:democracy, obliging the military to abstain from politics, conciliatingt e Carlists and Catholics by his advances to the Vatican, the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church and the religious orders, pandering to the protectionists by his See also:tariff policy, and courting abroad the friendship of See also:Germany and Austria after contributing to the See also:marriage of his king to an See also:Austrian princess. Canovas crowned his policy by countenancing the formation of a Liberal party under Sagasta, flanked by Marshal Serrano and other Liberal generals, which took office in 1881. He again became premier in 1883, and remained in office until November 1885; but he See also:grew very unpopular, and nearly endangered the monarchy in 1885 by his violent repression of popular and press demonstrations, and of student riots in Madrid and the provinces. At the See also:death of Alphonso XII. he at once advised the queen See also:regent to send for Sagasta and the Liberals, and during five years he looked on quietly whilst Sagasta re-established universal suffrage and most of the liberties curtailed in 1876, and carried out a policy of See also:free See also:trade on moderate lines. In 1890 Canovas took office under the queen regent, and one of his first acts was to See also:reverse the tariff policy of the Liberals, denouncing all the See also:treaties of See also:commerce, and passing in 1892 a highly protectionist tariff. This was the starting-point of the decline in See also:foreign trade, the advance of foreign exchanges, the decay of railway See also:traffic, and the monetary and See also:financial crisis which continued from 1892 to 1898. Splits in the Conservative ranks forced Canovas to resign at the end of 1893, and Sagasta came in for eighteen months. Canovas resumed office in See also:March 1895 immediately after the outbreak of the Cuban insurrection, and devoted most of his time and efforts, with characteristic determination, to the preparation of ways and means for sending 200,000 men to the See also:West Indies to carry out his stern and unflinching policy of no surrender, no concessions and no reforms. He was making up his mind for another effort
to enable See also:General Weyler to enforce the reforms that had been wrung from the Madrid government, more by See also:American See also:diplomacy than from a sense of the inevitable, when the See also:bullet of an anarchist, in See also:August 1897, at the See also:baths of See also:Santa Agueda, cut short his career. On the whole, Canovas must be regarded as the greatest Spanish statesman of the See also:close of the 19th See also:century. He was not only a politician but also a See also:man of the See also:world, a writer of considerable merit, a See also:scholar well versed in social, economic and philosophical questions, a See also:great debater, a See also:clever lecturer, a member of all the Madrid See also:academies and a See also:patron of See also:art and letters. (A. E.
End of Article: CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO, ANTONIO (1828-1897)
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