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See also:NICHOLAS III . (Giovanni Gaetano See also:Orsini), See also:pope from the 25th ,of See also:November 1277 to the 22nd of See also:August 128o, was a See also:Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes, been made See also:cardinal-See also:deacon of St Nicola in carcere Tulliano by See also:Innocent IV., See also:protector of the See also:Franciscans by See also:Alexander IV., inquisitor-See also:general by See also:Urban IV., and succeeded See also:John XXI., largely through See also:family See also:influence, after a six-months' vacancy in the See also:Holy See. His brief pontificate was marked by several important events. A See also:born politician, he greatly strengthened the papal position in See also:Italy. He concluded a See also:concordat with See also:Rudolph of See also:Habsburg in May 1278, by which the Romagna and the exarchate of See also:Ravenna were guaranteed to the pope; and in See also:July he issued an See also:epoch-making constitution for the See also:government of See also:Rome, which forbade foreigners taking See also:civil See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office. Nicholas issued the See also:bull Exiit on the 14th of August 1279 to See also:settle the strife within the Franciscan See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order between the parties of strict and loose observance. He repaired the Lateran and the Vatican at enormous cost, and erected a beautiful See also:country See also:house at Soriano near See also:Viterbo. Nicholas, though a See also:man of learning and strength of See also:character, brought just reproach on himself for his efforts to found principalities for his nephews and other relations. He died from a stroke of See also:apoplexy and was succeeded by See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin IV.
See " See also:Les Registres de See also:Nicolas III.," published by Jules See also:Gay in Bibliotheque See also:des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de Rome (See also:Paris, 1898-1905) ; A. See also:Potthast, Regesta pontif. Roman. vol. 2 (See also:Berlin, 1875) ; A. Demski, " Papst Nikolaus III." in Kirchengeschichtliche Studien (See also:Munster, i9o3); F. See also:Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:Middle Ages, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton (See also:London, 1900–1902); Fr. Wertsch, See also:Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von Habsburg zur rom. Kurie bis zum Tode Nikolaus III. (See also:Bochum, 188o) ; G. Palmieri, Introiti ed esiti di Papa Niccoib III. (Rome, 1889). (C. H.
End of Article: NICHOLAS III
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