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RELATIVES OF THE PROPHET

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 410 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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RELATIVES OF THE See also:

PROPHET 1 1. See also:Family of 'Abd al-Mo(talib, See also:Mahomet's maternal grandfather:—*' Abbas (d. A.H. 32 or 34), *IIamza (d. A.H. 3),'Abdallah, See also:father of the 1 * is prefixed to names which figure on occasions which seem to be See also:historical. See also:Female names are in italics. Prophet, *See also:Abu Talib (said to be named 'Abd Manaf), ? *Zubair, Harith, Hajal, Moqawwam, 1lirar, *Abu Lahab (said to be named 'Abd al-'Uzza, d. A.H. 2), *Safiyyah (d. A.H.

20), Umm Hakim, al-Baida, 'Atikah, Umaimah, Arwa, Barrah. 2. Family of Abu Talib:—*'Agil (d. after A.H. 40), *Ja'far (d. A.H. 8), Talib, Tulaiq, ' See also:

Ali, the See also:caliph, Umm Hani', Jumanah, Railah. 3. Family of Mahomet. Wives:—*Khadija (See also:Children :—Qasim ; ? 'Abd Manaf (Tahir, Tayyib); *Zainab m. Abu'l-'As b. Rabi', d.

A.H. 7 ; *Ruqayyah, m. 'See also:

Othman b. 'See also:Allan, d. A.H. 2 ; *Umm Kulthum m. 'Othman b. 'Affan, d. A.H. 9; *F(itimah, m. d. A.H. II): *Saudah bint Zam'ah,? d.

A.H. 54, *'A'ishah (Ayesha) bint A bi Bekr (d. A.H. 56), *Hafsa bint 'See also:

Omar (d. A.H. 45 or 47), *Zainab bint Khuzaimah, d. before A.H. II, *Zainab bint Jahsh, d. A.H. 20, *Umm Salimah, d. A.H. 59, *Maimunah, d. A.H.

38, *Juwairiyah, d. A.H. 56, *Umm Habibah Ramkih bint Abi Sofian, d. A.H. 44. Concubines:—*Safiyyah bint Huyyay, d. A.H. 36, *Raihanah bint Zaid, *Mdriyah the Copt, d. A.H. 15 or 16, See also:

mother of See also:Ibrahim. (Other names given by See also:Ibn Sa'd, vol. viii.) See also:Chronological Table of See also:Chief Events in the See also:Life of Mahomet.' ? 570 See also:Birth.

? 595 See also:

Marriage with Khadija. ? 610 Commencement of See also:call. ? 613 Public See also:appearance. 616 See also:Persian See also:conquest of the nearer See also:East. ? 617 See also:Flight of his followers to See also:Abyssinia. ? 618–619 See also:Siege in See also:Mecca. Retractation and subsequent repudiation. See also:Death of Abu Talib and Khadija. ? 62o Flight to Taif. 622 See also:July 16. Beginning of the Moslem era. See also:Sept.

20. Arrival at Kuba after the Flight. 632 See also:

Jan. 27. Death of his son Ibrahim. 632 See also:June 7. Death of Mahomet. The following See also:dates are given by the Arabic historians according to their own See also:calendar. For the reasons which have been seen it is impossible to obtain certain synchronisms. A.H. 2. Rajab I.

See also:

Raid of 'Abdallah b. Jahsh to Nakhlah. See also:Ramadan 19. See also:Battle of Badr. Shawwal 15. Attack on the Banu Qainuqa. 3. Rabia I. 14. Assassination of Ka'b b. al-Ashraf. Shawwal 7. Battle of Uhud.

4. $aphar. See also:

Massacre of Mahomet's 70 missionaries at Bi'r Ma'unah. Rabia I. Attack on the Banu See also:Nadir. Dhu'l-Qa'da. Abortive raid called " the lesser Badr." 5. Shaaban 2. Attack on the Banu'l-Muqaliq (according to See also:Waqidi). Dhu'l-Qa'da. Battle of the See also:Trench. Massacre of the Banu Quraizah.

6. Jomada i. See also:

Capture of a See also:caravan by Zaid b. IJarithah. Futile See also:attempt to assassinate Abu Sofian. Dhu'1-Qa'da. Affair of Hodaibiyah. 7. Jomada i. Taking of Khaibar. See also:Mission extended to the See also:world. Dhu'l-Qa'da.

See also:

Pilgrimage to Mecca (called 'umrat algadiyyah) 8 Jomada i. Expedition to Mutah. Ramadan 20. Taking of Mecca. Shawwal. Battle of Honain. Attack on Taif. 9. Mubarram. Tax-gatherers sent over See also:Arabia. Rajab. Expedition to Tabuk.

See also:

Rival See also:Mosque built at Kuba, destroyed on Mahomet's return to See also:Medina. Dhu'l-IIijja. Pilgrimage conducted by Abu Bekr. Abolition of See also:idolatry in Arabia. to. Ramadan. Expedition of `Ali to See also:Yemen. Dhu'l-Qa'da. " Farewell Pilgrimage." 1I. $aphar. Expedition ordered against the Byzantines. - Companions of the Prophet.

The sahabah, as they are called, are the subject of a vast literature, and the See also:

biographical dictionaries devoted to them, of which the best known are the Usd ul-gheiba of the historian Ibn Athir and the Isabah of Ibn Hajar al-'Asgalani, enumerate many thousands. The following two lists are of See also:special See also:groups. - (a) Nagibs, i.e. leaders selected by Mahomet from the Medinese tribes: i. Khazrajites:—As'ad b. Zurarah, Sa'd b. al-Rabi', 'Abdallah b. Rawabah, al-Bars' b. Ma'rur, 'Abdallah b. 'Amr b. Haram, 'Ubadah b. al-$amit, Sa'd b. 'Ubadah, al-Mondhir b. 'Amr; ii. Ausites: Usaid b.

Hudair, Sa'd b. Khaithamah, Rifa'ah b. 'Abd al-Mondhir. (b) Commanders of Expeditions: names occurring in (a) are not repeated: 'Abdallah b. Jahsh, `Abd ar-See also:

Rab See also:man b. 'Auf, Abu Bekr, Abu Qatadah, Abu 'Ubaidah b. al-Jarrab, 'Ali, 'Alqamah b. Mujazziz, 'Amr b. al-'As (ibn el-See also:Ass), Bashir b. Sa'd, Uabbak b. Sofian, Ghalib b. 'Abdallah, Ibn Abi'l-Auja, Ka'b b. 'Umair, Khalid b. al-Walid, See also:Kurz b. Jarir, Marthad b.

Abi Marthad, Mubammad b. 1 Dates are given A.D. Maslamah, Qutbah b. 'See also:

Amir, Sa'd b. Abi Waggas, Sa'd d. Zaid, Salama b. `Abd al-Asad, Shuja' b. Wahb, 'Ubaidah b. al-Harith, 'Ukkashah b. Mil an, 'See also:Umar b. al-Khattab, Usamah b. Zaid, 'Uyainah b. Him, Zaid b. I;Iarithah.

Lives of the Prophet (t indicates that the See also:

work is lost) ; f'Urwah b. Zubair (d. 712–713) ; tMusa b. 'Ukbah (d. 758–759) ; tMohammed b. Isbaq (d. 768) ; Mohammed b. Hisham (d. 828–829), ed. Wustenfeld (See also:Gottingen, 186o) ; reprinted in See also:Egypt by Zubair See also:Pasha, a See also:series of excerpts from the last; Mohammed b. Omar al-Waqidi (d. 823), portion published by Kremer (See also:Calcutta, 1855), abridged trans. of a See also:fuller copy by See also:Wellhausen, Muhammad in Medina (See also:Berlin, 1882); Mohammed b.

Sa'd (d. 844–845), an encyclopaedic work on the See also:

history of Mahomet and his followers, called Tabagat, ed. Sachau and others (Berlin, See also:foil.) ; Mohammed b. Jarir al-See also:Tabari (see TABARI). Many more writers on this subject are enumerated in the Fihrist, cf. See also:Sprenger's Leben Muhammads, iii. 54-76. Among the most popular compilers of later times are: Ibn al-Athir (q.v.) al Jazari, the historian (d. 1233) ; Abmad b. Ali al Kastalani (d. A.D. 1517), whose al-Mawahib al-Laduniyyah was published with commentary (See also:Cairo, 1278) ; I Iosain b.

Mohammed al Diyarbakri (d. 1574) whose work Ta'rikh al-Khamis was published in Cairo, A.H. 1382; 'Ali b. Burhan al-din al-Ijalabi (d. A.D. 1634), whose See also:

biography called Insan al-'uyun was published in Cairo, A.H. 1292. To these must be added all the collections of Tradition. See also:Modern Authorities.—The See also:critical study of the Life of Mahomet be-gins in See also:Europe with the publication by Th. Gagnier in 1723 of the Life by See also:Abulfeda (q.v.). Presently there appeared an apologetic biography by See also:Henri Cmte. de See also:Boulainvilliers (2nd ed., See also:Amsterdam, 1731), to which Gagnier replied in 1732 (La See also:Vie de Mahomet, traduite, &c. ibid.). The next considerable advance in the treatment of the subject is marked by the biography of G.

Weil (Muhammed der Prophet, See also:

Stuttgart, 1843), which is wholly without religious See also:bias; the popular life by See also:Washington See also:Irving (See also:London, 1849) is based on this. That by J. L. Merrick (the Life and See also:Religion of Mohammed, -See also:Boston, U.S.A., 185o) rests on Shiite See also:sources. The See also:search for See also:MSS. in See also:India See also:con-ducted by A. Sprenger led to the See also:discovery of fresh material, which was utilized by Sprenger himself in his unfinished Life of Mohammad (Pt. 1, See also:Allahabad, 1851), and his more elaborate Das Leben and See also:die Lehre See also:des Mohammad (Berlin, 1861–1865), and by See also:Sir See also:William See also:Muir in his Life of Mahomet, London, 1858–1861) 4 vols.: afterwards abridged in one See also:volume and reprinted. These are still the See also:standard See also:treatises on thesubject; the See also:pro-See also:Christian bias of Muirisvery marked, while Sprenger has hazarded numerous conjectures on subjects with which he had little familiarity. The biography by S. W. Koelle, Mohammed and Mohammedanism (London, 1889), is pro-Christian, the popular work of Syed Ameer Ali The Spirit of See also:Islam, (London, 1896) an See also:apology for Mahommedanism. Later treatises, resting on See also:original authorities, are those by H.

Grimme Mohamed, (See also:

Munster, 1892, and See also:Munich, 1904), F. Buhl, Mohameds Liv (See also:Copenhagen, 1903—Danish: since translated into See also:German), D. S. Margoliouth Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (N.Y., 1905, &c.), and See also:Prince Caetani Annuli del Islam, i. ii. (See also:Milan, 1905-1907). For the direction of public See also:opinion in Mahomet's favour the Lecture on The See also:Hero as Prophet in See also:Carlyle's Heroes and Hero-See also:worship (London, 1846) was singularly effective; his views were enforced by R. See also:Bosworth See also:Smith Mohammed and Mohammedanism, (London, 1873, &e.). A some-what similar See also:line was taken in See also:France by J. See also:Barthelemy See also:Saint-Hilaire, Mahomet et le Coran, (See also:Paris, 1865), while the Vie de Mahomet d'apres la Tradition of E. Lamairesse and G. Dujarric (Paris, 1897) is written entirely from the Moslem standpoint. See further See also:CALIPHATE, ad init.; See also:MAHOMMEDAN INSTITUTIONS; MAHOMMEDAN See also:LAW; MAHOMMEDAN RELIGION.

(D. S.

End of Article: RELATIVES OF THE PROPHET

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