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See also:THUGUT, JOHANN AMADEUS See also:FRANCIS DE PAULA, See also:BARON (1736–1818) , See also:Austrian diplomatist, was See also:born at See also:Linz on the 24th of May 1736. His origin and name have been the subject of legends more or less malicious and probably the inventions of enemies. It has been said that the correct See also:form of his name was Thunichtgut, or Thenitguet (do no See also:good), and was altered to Thugut (do good) by Maria See also:Theresa. Tunicotta has been given as a variation. But Thugut was the name of his See also:great-grandfather, who belonged to Budweiss in See also:southern Bohemia. He was the legitimate son of Johann Thugut, an See also:army paymaster, who married Eva Maria Mosbauer, daughter of a See also:miller near See also:Vienna. The paymaster, who died about 176o, See also:left his widow and See also:children in See also:distress, and Maria Theresa took See also:charge of them. Johann Amadeus was sent to the school of See also:Oriental See also:languages. He entered the Austrian See also:foreign See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office as an interpreter and was appointed dragoman to the See also:embassy at See also:Constantinople. In 1769 he was appointed charge d'affaires, and in that capacity secured a See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant of See also:money and a promise of the territory of ' Little Wallachia from the See also:Turks during the negotiations connected with the first See also:partition of See also:Poland (see POLAND: See also:History). In 1771 he was appointed internuncio at Constantinople and was actively engaged, under the direction of See also:Prince Kaunitz, in all the See also:diplomacy of See also:Austria in See also:Turkey and Poland until he secured the cession of the See also:Bukovina on the 7th of May 1775. During these years Thugut was engaged in a mean intrigue. His See also:salary as dragoman was small, and his needs great. He therefore agreed to receive a See also:pension of 13,000 livres, a See also:brevet of See also:lieutenant-See also:colonel, and a promise of a safe See also:refuge in See also:case of See also:necessity from the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:France, See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XV. The See also:condition on which the pension was granted was that he took See also:advantage of his position as an Austrian See also:official to render See also:secret services to France. The only excuses to be made for him are that such hidden arrangements were not uncommon before and in his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and that as a See also:matter of fact he never did render France any real service, or betray his masters at Vienna. Yet the terror of See also:discovery disturbed him at several periods of his See also:life, and when Louis XV. died in 1774 he showed a strong disposition to take refuge in France, and would have done so if Louis XVI. would have given him a promise of employment. His pension was continued. It seems to be tolerably certain that at a later See also:period he made a clean See also:breast to the See also:emperor Francis II. His services at Constantinople were approved by Prince Kaunitz (q.v.), who may possibly have been informed of the arrangement with the See also:French secret See also:diplomatic fund. It is never safe to decide whether these treasons were single or See also:double. When Thugut was appointed internuncio he was also ennobled, being raised to the Ritterstand. After 1775 he travelled in France and See also:Italy, partly on diplomatic service. In 1778 he was the See also:agent through whom Maria .Theresa entered into See also:direct negotiations with See also:Frederick the Great, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to stop the Bavarian See also:War. In 178o he was Austrian See also:envoy in
See also:Warsaw, but in 1783 he applied for leave and satisfied his which he kept before him, resistance to French aggression on the hankering after France by living for four years in See also:Paris. It See also:west, and to See also:Russian and Prussian aggressions on the See also:east, and was in this time that his savings, made during his years of the pursuit of more territory for Austria, compelled him to See also:divide
his exertions and his forces. Thus in 1793-94 he recalled troops from the west to participate in a partition of Poland, thereby taking pressure off France, and doing much to smooth the way for her subsequent victories. Some of his actions cannot be described as other than criminal. He was certainly responsible for the murderous attack on the French envoys at Rastadt in See also:April 1799. He may have intended that they should only be robbed, but he must be held responsible for the acts of his agents. So again he has to See also:answer for the perverse policy of Austria in 1799 when See also:Suvarov (q.v.) and the Russians were recalled from See also:northern Italy for no visible See also:reason except that Austria should be left in See also:sole See also:possession of the dominions of the king of See also:Sardinia, with a good excuse for keeping them. The See also:correspondence of See also:Joseph de See also:Maistre shows how bitterly the See also:continental See also:allies of Austria resented her selfishness, and how firmly they were persuaded that she was fighting for her own See also:hand. That Thugut believed that he was doing his See also:duty, and that he was carrying on the traditional policy of Austria, may be true. Yet his methods were so extreme, and his attitude so provocative as to justify the See also:judgment passed on him by Kaunitz —namely, that he required the See also:control of a strong hand if good results were to be obtained from his ability. After the defeats of Austria in Italy in 1796-97 and the See also:peace of Campo Formio, it became a fixed See also:object with the French, and with a growing party in Austria who held him responsible for the disasters of the war, to secure the removal of Thugut. He found no support, except from the See also:British See also:government, which considered him, as a sure ally and had great See also:influence at Vienna as paymaster of subsidies. The See also:death of the empress See also:Catherine of See also:Russia deprived him of a friend at See also:court. During the See also:campaigns of 1799 and 1800 Thugut was the See also:advocate of war " to the See also:knife." At the end he was kept in office only by the vigorous support of See also:England. The See also:battle of Hohenlinden on the 3rd of See also:December 1800 made his position untenable. He retired from public life, and left Vienna for See also:Pressburg on the 27th of See also:March 1801. At a later period he returned to Vienna and lived quietly on a pension of 7000 florins till his death on the 28th of May 1818. In See also:personal See also:appearance Thugut is described as looking like " a faunish See also:Mephistopheles," a favourite of Louis XI., an See also:Italian See also:tyrant of the worst type, and by the prince de Ligne as what See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV. of France would have been if he had been king of the See also:Jews, and if his mouth had worn a See also:constant expression of derision, hate and malignity. The only known portrait of him appears to See also:bear out these unpleasant descriptions.
See A. von Vivenot, Thugut and sein politisches See also:System, a strong See also:defence of his policy in 1793-1794 (Vienna, 187o) ; and Quellen z. Geschichte d. deutschen Kaiser politik Oesterreichs wahrend d. See also:franzos. Revolutions-Krieg (Vienna,1893-1885).
End of Article: THUGUT, JOHANN AMADEUS FRANCIS DE PAULA, BARON (1736–1818)
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