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See also:EMMANUEL PHILIBERT (1528–1580) , See also:duke of See also:Savoy, son of See also:Charles III. and See also:Beatrice of See also:Portugal, one of the most renowned princes of the later See also:Renaissance, was See also:born on the 8th of See also:July 1528. Charles, after trying in vain to remain neutral in the See also:wars between See also:France and the See also:emperor Charles V., had been forced to See also:side with the latter, whereupon his duchy was overrun with See also:foreign soldiery and became the battlefield of the See also:rival armies.
See also:Prince Emmanuel took service with the emperor in 1545 and distinguished himself in See also:Germany. France and the See also:Low Countries. On the See also:death of his See also:father in 1553 he succeeded to the See also:title, little more than an empty one, and continued in the emperor's service. Having been refused the command of the imperial troops in See also:Piedmont, he tried in vain to negotiate a See also:separate See also:peace with France; but in 1556 France and See also:Spain concluded a five years' truce, by which each was to retain what it then occupied. This would have been the end of Savoy, but within a See also:year the two See also:powers were again at See also:war. The See also:chief events of the See also:campaign were the successful resistance of See also:Cuneo, held for the duke by See also:Count Luserna, and the victory of St Quentin (1557), won by Emmanuel Philibert himself against the See also:French. At last in 1558 the powers agreed to an See also:armistice, and in 1559 the peace of Cateau-Cambresis was made, by which Emmanuel regained his duchy, but on onerous terms, for France was to occupy several Piedmontese fortresses, including See also:Turin and See also:Pinerolo, for not more than three years, and a See also:marriage was arranged between the duke and 1VIargaret, duchess of See also:Berry, See also:sister of the French See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king; while Spain was to See also:garrison See also:Asti and See also:Vercelli (afterwards exchanged for Santhia) until France evacuated the above-mentioned fortresses. The duke's marriage took See also:place in See also:Paris a few months later; and after the French evacuation he re-entered his dominions amidst the rejoicings of the See also:people. The See also:condition of Piedmont at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was deplorable; for wars, the exactions and devastations of the foreign soldiery, and religious antagonism between Catholics and Protestants had wrought terrible havoc. " Uncultivated," wrote the Venetian See also:ambassador, quoted by E. Ricotti, " no citizens in the cities, neither See also:man nor beast in the See also:fields, all the See also:land See also:forest-clad and See also:wild; one See also:sees no houses, for most of them are burnt, and of nearly all the castles only the walls are visible; of the inhabitants, once so numerous, some have died of the See also:plague or of See also:hunger, some by the See also:sword, and some have fled elsewhere preferring to beg their See also:bread abroad rather than support misery at See also:home which is worse than death." There was no See also:army, the See also:administration was chaotic, and the finances were in a hopeless See also:state. The duke set to See also:work to put his See also:house in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, and inaugurated a See also:series of useful reforms, ably assisted by his See also:minister, Niccolo See also:Balbo. But progress was slow, and was accompanied by See also:measures which abolished the states See also:general, the last survival of feudal liberties. Savoy, following the tendency of the other states of See also:Europe at that time, became thenceforth an See also:absolute See also:monarchy, but without that transformation the achievement of See also:complete See also:independence from foreign powers would have been impossible.
One of the first questions with which he had to See also:deal was the religious difficulty. The inhabitants of the Pellice and Chisone valleys had See also:long professed a See also:primitive See also:form of See also:Christianity which the orthodox regarded as heretical, and had been subject to numerous persecutions in consequence (see WALDENSES). At the time of the See also:Reformation they had gone over to See also:Protestant-ism, and during the wars of the 16th See also:century the new See also:religion made See also:great progress in Piedmont. The duke as a devout See also:Catholic desired to purge the state of See also:heresy, and initiated repressive measures against the Waldenses, but after some severe and not very successful fighting he ended by allowing them a measure of religious See also:liberty in those valleys (1561). At the See also:pope's instigation he recommenced persecution some years later, but his duchess and some See also:German princes pleaded successfully in favour of the Protestants. He next turned his See also:attention to getting rid of the French garrisons; the negotiations proved long and troublesome, but in See also:December 1562 the French departed on See also:payment of 100,000 scudi, retaining only Pinerolo and See also:Savigliano, and Turin became the See also:capital once more. There remained the Bernese, who had occupied some of the duke's territories in Savoy and See also:Vaud., and in See also:Geneva, over which he claimed certain rights. With See also:Bern he made a See also:compromise, regaining See also:Gex, the Chablais, and the Genevois, on condition that Protestantism should be tolerated there, but he renounced Vaud and some other districts (1566). Disagreements with the See also:Valais were settled in a similar way in 1569; but the Genevans refused to recognize Savoyard
See also:suzerainty. Emmanuel reformed the currency, reorganized See also:justice, prepared the way for the emancipation of the See also:serfs, raised the See also:standing army to 25,000 men, and fortified the frontiers, ostensibly against Huguenot raids, but in reality from fear of France. On the death of Charles IX. of France in 1574 the new king, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III., passed through Piedmont on his way from See also:Poland; Emmanuel gave him a magnificent reception, and obtained from him a promise that Pinerolo and Savigliano should be evacuated, which was carried out at the end of the year. See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip of Spain was likewise induced to evacuate Asti and Santhia in 1595. Thus, after being more or less under foreign occupation for 39 years, the duchy was at last See also:free. The duke rounded off his dominions by the See also:purchase of Tenda and Oneglia, which increased his seaboard, and the last years of his See also:life were spent in fruitless negotiations to obtain Monferrato, held by the Gonzagas under See also:Spanish See also:protection, and See also:Saluzzo, which was a French See also:fief. He died on the 3oth of See also:August 158o, and was succeeded by his son Charles Emmanuel I. As a statesman Emmanuel Philibert was able, business-like and energetic; but he has been criticized for his duplicity, although in this respect he was no worse than most other See also:European princes, whose ends were far more questionable. He was autocratic, but just and very patriotic. During his reign the duchy, which had been more than See also:half French, became predominantly See also:Italian. By See also:diplomacy, which, although he was a capable and brave soldier, he preferred to war, he succeeded in freeing his See also:country, and converting it from a ruined and divided land into a respect-able See also:independent See also:power of the second See also:rank, and, after See also:Venice, the best-governed state in See also:Italy.
The most accurate See also:biography of Emmanuel Philibert is contained in E. Ricotti's Storia della monarchia Piemontese, vol. ii. (See also:Florence, 1861), which is well done and based on documents; cf. Claretta's La Successione di Emanuele Filiberto (Turin, 1884).
End of Article: EMMANUEL PHILIBERT (1528–1580)
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