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See also:GILLRAY, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES (1757-1815) , See also:English caricaturist, was See also:born at See also:Chelsea in 1757. His See also:father, a native of See also:Lanark, had served as a soldier, losing an See also:arm at See also:Fontenoy, and was admitted first as an inmate, and afterwards as an outdoor pensioner, at Chelsea See also:hospital. Gillray commenced See also:life by learning See also:letter-See also:engraving, in which he soon became an See also:adept. This employment, however, proving irksome, he wandered about for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time with a See also:company of strolling players. After a very checkered experience he returned to See also:London, and was admitted a student in the Royal See also:Academy, supporting himself by engraving, and probably issuing a considerable number of caricatures under fictitious names. See also:Hogarth's See also:works were the delight and study of his See also:early years. " Paddy on Horseback," which appeared in 1779, is the first See also:caricature which is certainly his. Two caricatures on See also:Rodney's See also:naval victory, issued in 1782, were among the first of the memorable See also:series of his See also:political sketches. The name of Gillray's publisher and printseller, See also:Miss See also:Humphrey—whose See also:shop was first at 227 Strand, then in New See also:Bond See also:Street, then in Old Bond Street, and finally in St James's Street—is inextricably associated with that of the caricaturist. Gillary lived with Miss (often called Mrs) Humphrey during all the See also:period of his fame. It is believed that he several times thought of marrying her, and that on one occasion the pair were on their way to the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, when Gillray said: " This is a foolish affair, methinks, Miss Humphrey. We live very comfortably together; we had better let well alone." There-is no See also:evidence, however, to support the stories which scandalmongers invented about their relations. Gillray's plates were exposed in Humphrey's shop window, where eager crowds examined them. A number of his most trenchant satires are directed against See also:George III., who, after examining some of Gillray's sketches, said, with characteristic See also:ignorance and See also:blindness to merit, " I See also:don't understand these caricatures." Gillray revenged himself for this utterance by his splendid caricature entitled; " A Connoisseur Examining a See also:- COOPER
- COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
- COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
- COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
- COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
- COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
- COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
- COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
- COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
- COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
- COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
- COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)
Cooper," which he is doing by means of a See also:candle on a " See also:save-all "; so that the See also:sketch satirizes at once the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's pretensions to knowledge of See also:art and his miserly habits.
The excesses of the See also:French Revolution made Gillray conservative; and he issued caricature after caricature, ridiculing the French and See also:Napoleon, and glorifying See also:John See also:Bull. He is not, however, to be thought of as a keen political adherent of either the Whig or the Tory party; he dealt his blows See also:pretty freely all See also:round. His last See also:work, from a See also:design by See also:Bunbury, is entitled " Interior of a See also:Barber's Shop in See also:Assize Time," and is dated 1811. While he was engaged on it he became mad, although he had occasional intervals of sanity, which he employed on his last work. The approach of madness must have been hastened by his intemperate habits. Gillray died on
the 1st of See also:June 1815, and was buried in St James's See also:churchyard, Piccadilly.
The times in which Gillray lived were peculiarly favourable to the growth of a See also:great school of caricature. Party warfare,was carried on with great vigour and not a little bitterness; and personalities were freely indulged in on both sides. Gillray's incomparable wit and See also:humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, and beauty of See also:execution, at once gave him the first See also:place among caricaturists. He is honourably distinguished in the See also:history of caricature by the fact that his sketches are real works of art. The ideas embodied in some of them are See also:sublime and poetically magnificent in their intensity of meaning; while the coarseness by which others are disfigured is to be explained by the See also:general freedom of treatment See also:common in all intellectual departments in the 18th See also:century. The See also:historical value of Gillray's work has been recognized by accurate students of history. As has been well remarked: " See also:Lord See also:Stanhope has turned Gillray to See also:account as a veracious reporter of speeches, as well as a suggestive illustrator of events." His contemporary political See also:influence is See also:borne See also:witness to in a letter from Lord See also:Bateman, dated See also:November 3, 1798. " The Opposition," he writes to Gillray, " are as See also:low as we can wish them. You have been of See also:infinite service in lowering them, and making them ridiculous." Gillray's extraordinary See also:industry may be inferred from the fact that nearly r000 caricatures have been attributed to him; while some consider him the author of 1600 or 1700. He is invaluable to the student of English See also:manners as well as to the political student. He attacks the social follies of the time with scathing See also:satire; and nothing escapes his See also:notice, not even a trifling See also:change of See also:fashion in See also:dress. The great tact Gillray displays hitting on the ludicrous See also:side of any subject is only equalled by the exquisite finish of his sketches—the finest of which reach an epic grandeur and Miltonic sublimity of conception.
See also:October 1, 183x, which was successfully refuted by J. See also:Landseer in the See also:Athenaeum a fortnight later. In 1851 See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry G. See also:Bohn put out an edition, from the See also:original plates; in a handsome See also:folio, the coarser sketches being published in a See also:separate See also:volume. For this edition See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Wright and R. H. See also:Evans wrote a valuable commentary, which is a See also:good history of the times embraced by the caricatures. The next edition, entitled The Works of James Gillray, the Caricaturist: with the See also:Story of his Life and Times (Chatto & Windus, 1874), was the work of Thomas Wright, and, by its popular exposition and narrative, introduced Gillray to a very large circle formerly ignorant of him. This edition, which is See also:complete in one volume, contains two portraits of Gillray, and upwards of 400 illustrations. Mr J. J. See also:Cartwright, in a letter to the Academy (Feb. 28, 1874), See also:drew See also:attention to the existence of a MS. volume, in the See also:British Museum, containing letters to and from Gillray, and other illustrative documents. The extracts he gave were used in a valuable See also:article in the Quarterly See also:Review for See also:April 1874. See also the Academy for Feb. 21 and May 16, 1874.
There is a good account of Gillray in Wright's History of Caricature and See also:Grotesque in Literature and Art (1865). See also the article CARICATURE.
End of Article: GILLRAY, JAMES (1757-1815)
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