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SPINY See also:SQUIRREL , a See also:book-name for a See also:group of See also:African ground squirrels, characterized by the spiny nature of the See also:fur of the more typical forms. They See also:form the genus Xerus, which is split up into a number of subgenera; Xerus rutilus of See also:Abyssinia and See also:East See also:Africa belonging to the typical group, while the striped
spitze) given to the lofty See also:roofs in See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone or See also:wood covered with
See also:lead or See also:slate, which See also:crown the towers of cathedrals, churches,
&c. In their origin, as in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of Thaon in See also:Normandy,
they were four-sided roofs of slight See also:elevation, but soon began
to be features of See also:great importance, becoming lofty pyramids
generally of octagonal form, and equal in height sometimes
to the towers themselves. The junction, however, of an octa-
gonal See also:spire and a square See also:tower involved a distinct architectural
problem, and its solutions in See also:English, See also:French and See also:German See also:spires
are of See also:infinite variety. One of the earliest treatments is that
of the See also:south-See also:west tower of See also:Chartres See also:Cathedral, where, on the
four projecting angles are lofty spire See also:lights which, with others
on the four faces and the octagonal spire itself, form a See also:fine
See also:composition; at the See also:abbey of St See also:Denis the spire See also:light at each
See also:angle was carried on three columns which filled better the three-
cornered space at the angles and gave greater lightness to the
structure; See also:long See also:vertical slits in the spire lights and the spire
increased this effect, leading eventually to the introduction
of See also:tracery throughout the spire; the ultimate results of this
we see in the See also:lace-See also:work spires of See also:Strassburg, See also:Antwerp, St
See also:Stephen's at See also:Vienna, See also:Freiberg, See also:Ulm and other examples, which
in some cases must be looked upon as the See also:tours de force of the
masons employed. In See also:England the spires were far less pre-
tentious but of greater variety of form. The spire of the cathe-
dral at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford (1220) is perhaps the earliest example; it is of
comparatively See also:low elevation, of octagonal form with marked
See also:entasis, and is decorated with spire lights on each See also:face and
pinnacled turrets at the angles. Those which are See also:peculiar to
England are the See also:broach-spires, in which the four angles of the
tower are covered with a stone roof which penetrates the central,
octagonal spire. In the best examples the spire comes down
on the tower with dripping See also:eaves, and is carried on a See also:corbel
table, of which the finest See also:solution is St See also:Mary's at See also:Stamford.
The angles of the octagonal spire have a projecting moulding
which is stopped by a See also:head just above the corbel table, and at
the See also:top of the broach is a small See also:niche with a figure in it; the
spire lights are in three stages alternately in the front and dia-
gonal faces. At St Mary, Kelton, and St See also:Nicholas, Walcot,
are similar designs. Seen, however, on the See also:diagonal, the void
space at the angles of these broach-spires is noticeable, so that
an octagonal See also:pinnacle was erected, of which the earliest example
is that of the cathedral at Oxford, where the broach was of very
low See also:pitch. Of later date St Mary's, See also:Wollaston, All See also:Saints,
See also:Leighton See also:Buzzard, and St Mary's, See also:Witney, are See also:good examples.
As a See also:rule the broach penetrates the octagonal spire about one-
See also:sixth or one-seventh up its height, but there is one instance in
St Nicholas, Cotsmere, in Rutlandshire, where it rises nearly
See also:half the way up the octagonal spire. When the See also:parapet or See also:battle-
ment (the latter being purely decorative) took the See also:place of the
dripping eaves, the broach disappeared, and octagonal turrets
occupy the corners, as in St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter's at Kettering and Gundle,
See also:Northamptonshire, and in All Saints, Stamford, See also:Lincolnshire.
The next See also:combination perhaps followed from this; in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to
connect the angle tower or pinnacle with the spire, a flying
See also:buttress was thrown across, thus filling the See also:gap between them;
of this St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James's, at See also:Louth, in Lincolnshire, may be taken as a
fine type; it belongs to the Perpendicular See also:period and is further
enriched with crockets up each angle of the spire; the same
is found in St Mary's, See also:Whittlesea, See also:Cambridgeshire. At St
See also:Michael's, See also:Coventry, the See also:lower See also:part of the octagonal spire
is made vertical with a battlemented cresting See also:round it. In St
See also:Patrick's, Partington, See also:Yorkshire, the lower part of the spire,
which otherwise is See also:plain, is enclosed with an open See also:gallery like
the cresting of a crown. Sometimes the upper See also:storey of the
tower is made octagonal, and is set back so as to allow of a
passage round with parapet or See also:battlement, as at St Mary's,
Bloxham, St Peter and St See also:Paul, See also:Seton, and St Mary, Castlegate,
See also:York. The most important groupings are those which surmount
the towers of the English cathedrals; at See also:Lichfield square turrets
of large See also:size with richly crocketed pinnacles; at See also:Peterborough,
a peculiar but not happy arrangement where a lofty spire
to a point), the architectural See also:term (Fr. fleiche, Ital. guglia, Ger. covers over the buttress between angle See also:turret and spire; and at
See also:North African X. getulus represents the sub-genus Atlantaxerus. The more typical See also:species are characterized by the coarse spiny See also:hair, the small size, or even See also:absence of the ears, and the long, nearly straight, claws. The See also:skull is narrower and longer than in typical squirrels, and there are distinctive features in the cheek-See also:teeth; but the more aberrant types come much closer to squirrels. Typical spiny squirrels differ from true squirrels in being completely terrestrial in their habits, and live either in clefts or holes of rocks, or in burrows which they dig themselves.
End of Article: SPINY SQUIRREL
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