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TEMPLES AND

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Originally appearing in Volume V23, Page 603 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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TEMPLES AND BUILDINGS] preserved. It may date from the 2nd See also:

century B.c. The See also:neighbour- See also:ing Ionic See also:temple, popularly called of See also:Fortuna Virilis, is of See also:special See also:interest from its See also:early date, probably the end of the 3rd century B.C. The See also:complete See also:absence of See also:marble and the very sparing use of traver- tine, combined with the See also:simple purity of its See also:design, indicate an early date.' It has a See also:prostyle See also:tetrastyle See also:portico of travertine, and a See also:short See also:cella of tufa with engaged columns; the bases of these and of the See also:angle columns are of travertine. The See also:frieze has reliefs of ox skulls and garlands. The whole was originally stuccoed and painted so that the different stones used would not show. Fig. 12 gives the See also:plan, showing the hard travertine used at the points of greatest pressure, while the See also:main walls with the See also:half columns are of the weaker and softer tufa. The See also:dedication of this temple is doubtful; but it is probably either that of For- tuna or of Mater Matuta, both of which were de- stroyed by See also:fire in 213 B.C. and re- The See also:black shows tufa; the shading travertine. lowing oyefSar. The chu. Maria in Cosmedin contains some remains of a temple (Plan, No. 4) which has been identified with that of See also:Hercules built by See also:Pompey ad Circum Maximum (Vitr. iii.

2, 5; Plin. H.N. xxxiv. 57). The temple stands See also:

close to the carceres of the See also:Circus Maxi- See also:mus, in the See also:Forum Boarium. The columns built up in the See also:church did not, however, belong to a temple, but to a porticus. Within the walls of S. Niccolo in Caftere in the Forum Holitorium (Plan, No. 18) are preserved remains of three small See also:hexastyle See also:peripteral temples, two Ionic and one Tuscan, set close See also:side by side.' A fragment of the marble plan includes See also:part of this See also:group. The Tuscan temple is built of travertine, the others of tufa and See also:peperino, with travertine at the points of greatest pressure. They are probably those of See also:Janus ad Theatrum Marcelli, dedicated by C. See also:Duilius in the First Punic See also:War (Tac. See also:Ann. ii.

49) ; of See also:

Spes, built by A. Atilius Calatinus, of about the same date (Tac. Ann. ii. 49); and of See also:Juno Sospita, dedicated by C. See also:Cornelius Cethegiis in 197 B.C. (Liv. xxxiv. 53). Near the Forum .Holitorium are extensive remains of the large group of buildings included in the Porticus Octaviae (Plan, No. 16), two of which, dedicated to Juno See also:Regina and See also:Jupiter Stator, with part of the enclosing porticus and the adjoining temple of Hercules Musarum, are shown on a fragment Porticos of the marble plan. The Porticus Octaviae, a large ()cuisine. rectangular space enclosed by a See also:double See also:line of columns, was built in See also:honour of See also:Octavia by her See also:brother See also:Augustus on the site of the Porticus Metelli, founded in 146 B.C. This must not be confounded with the neighbouring Porticus Octavia founded by Cn.

Octavius, the conqueror of See also:

Perseus (Liv. xlv. 6, 42), in 168 B.C., and rebuilt under the same name by Augustus, as is re-corded in the Ancyran inscription. The whole group was one of the most magnificent in See also:Rome, and contained a large number of See also:works of See also:art by See also:Pheidias and other See also:Greek sculptors. The existing portico, which was the main entrance into the porticus, is a restoration of the See also:time of See also:Severus in 203. The church of S. Angelo in Pescheria and the houses behind it conceal extensive remains of the porticus and its temples (see Ann. Inst., 1861, p. 241, 1868, p. 108; and Contigliozzi, I. See also:Portici di Ottavia, 1861).' Remains of a large peripteral Corinthian temple are built into the side of the Borsa (formerly the See also:Custom See also:House). Eleven Temple of marble columns and their See also:rich See also:entablature are still in See also:Neptune. situ, with the corresponding part of the cella See also:wall of peperino; in 1878 a piece of the end wall of the cella was discovered, and, under the houses near, part of a large peribolus wall, also of peperino, forming an enclosure with columns all See also:round the temple nearly 330 ft. square (see See also:Bull. See also:Comm.

See also:

Arch. Rom. vi. pl. iv., 1878). This temple has commonly been identified with that of Neptune (Dio See also:Cass. lxvi. 24), built by See also:Agrippa, and surrounded by the Porticus Argonautarum (Dio Cass. liii. 27; Mart. iii. 2o, II); but it clearly See also:dates, at least in its See also:present See also:form, from the 2nd century A.D., and is not improbably the temple of See also:Hadrian, mentioned in the Notitia as being near this spot. The temp le of See also:Venus and Rome on the See also:Velia (see fig. 8) was the Te Venus mpleot th arest in Rome; was See also:dol, with ten Corin- ian columns of 1G eekpma ble a tthe ends, and prob-Rome.and ably twenty at the sides; it had an See also:outer See also:colonnade round the peribolus of about x8o columns of polished See also:granite. Of these only a few fragments now exist ; for several centuries ' Fiechter (See also:Ram. Mitch., 1906, pp. 220 ff.) has endeavoured to show that the temple in its present form dates from the 1st century B.c. 2 For drawings of them, see the See also:list given by Huelsen in See also:Jordan, Topographie, i.

3, 511, See also:

note I1. ' The remains of the Porticus Octaviae have been more completely exposed by the demolition of the See also:Ghetto.6o3 the whole See also:area of this See also:building was used as a See also:quarry, while the See also:residue of the marble was burnt into See also:lime on the spot in kilns built of broken fragments of the See also:porphyry columns. A considerable part of the two cellae with their apses, set back to back, still exists; in each See also:apse was a See also:colossal seated figure of the deity, and along the side walls of the cellae were rows of porphyry columns and statues in niches. The vault is deeply coffered with See also:stucco enrichments once painted and gilt. The roof was covered with tiles of gilt See also:bronze, which were taken by See also:Pope See also:Honorius I. (625–38) to See also:cover the See also:basilica of St See also:Peter's. These were stolen by the See also:Saracens during their See also:sack of the Leonine See also:city in 846. The See also:emperor Hadrian himself designed this magnificent temple, which was partially completed in 135; the design was criticized severely by the architect See also:Apollodorus (Dio Cass. lxix. 4; Vita Hadr. 19). The temple was probably finished by See also:Antoninus See also:Pius; it was partly burned in the reign of See also:Maxentius, who began its restoration, which was carried on by See also:Constantine. The existing remains of the two cellae are mainly of Hadrian's time, but contain patches of the later restorations.

Between the See also:

south angle of this temple and the arch of Constantine stand the remains of a See also:fountain, usually known as the See also:Meta Sudans. This was a tall conical structure in a large circular See also:basin, all lined with marble. From its See also:brick facing it appears to be a See also:work of the See also:Flavian See also:period. That part of the Caelian See also:hill which is near the Colosseum is covered with very extensive remains—a See also:great peribolus of brick-faced See also:concrete, apparently of Flavian date, and part of a Bulldinga massive travertine See also:arcade in two storeys, similar to that en the of the Colosseum; most of the latter has been removed Caetian, for the See also:sake of the See also:stone, but a portion still exists under aquiline the monastery and campanile of SS. Giovanni e See also:Paolo. and There can be no reasonable doubt that these substructures carried the temple of. See also:Claudius, built by See also:Vespasian (See also:Suet. Vesp. 9). The so-called temple of See also:Minerva Medica (" Nympheum " on Plan) on the eastern slope of the Esquiline (so named from a statue found in it), a curiously planned building, with central decagonal domed See also:hall, probably belonged to the See also:palace of See also:Gallienus (263–68). Some-what similar ruins beside the neighbouring basilica of S. Croce formed part of the Sessorium, a palace on the Esquiline. The remains on the Quirinal, in the See also:Colonna gardens, of massive marble entablatures richly sculptured were formerly thought to belong to See also:Aurelian's great temple of the See also:Sun, but it now appears certain that they belong to the very extensive thermae of Constantine, part of the site of which is now occupied by the Quirinal palace and neighbouring buildings.' The excavations of See also:recent years have brought to See also:light, and in many cases destroyed, a large number of domestic buildings; these discoveries are recorded in the Notizie degli Scavi private and the Bull.

Comm. Arch. Rom. The extensive cutting houses. away of the See also:

Tiber See also:bank for the new See also:embankment exposed some very ornate houses near the See also:Villa Farnesina, richly decorated with marble, See also:fine wall-paintings, and stucco reliefs, equal in beauty to any works of the See also:kind that have ever been found. These are now exhibited in the Museo delle Terme, but the houses themselves have been destroyed. The laying out of the new Quirinal and Esquiline quarters has also exposed many fine buildings. Some remains on the Esquiline have been supposed (without much See also:probability) to belong to the villa of See also:Maecenas. A very remarkable vaulted See also:room, decorated with paintings of See also:plants and landscapes, has been shown to be a greenhouse;' at one end is an apse with a See also:series of step-like stages for See also:flowers. This one room has been preserved, though the See also:rest of the villa has been destroyed; it is on the road leading from S. Maria See also:Maggiore to the Lateran. The walls are a very fine speci-' men of tufa See also:opus reticulatum, unmixed with brick, evidently of the early imperial period.

Among the numerous buildings discovered in the Horti Sallustiani near the Quirinal was a very fine house of the 1st century A.D., in concrete faced with brick and opus reticulatum. It had a central circular domed hall, with many rooms and staircases round it, rising four storeys high. This house was set in the valley against a cliff of the Quirinal, so that the third See also:

floor is level with the upper part of the hill. It is nearly on the line of the Servian wall, which stood here at a higher level on the edge of the cliff. This See also:park was laid out by the historian See also:Sallust, and remained in the See also:possession of his See also:family until the reign of Tiberius, when it became imperial See also:property; it was used as a See also:residence by See also:Nero (Tac. Ann. xiii. 47) and other emperors till the 4th century.' In 1884, near the Porta S. Lorenzo, a See also:long line of houses was discovered during the making of a new road. Some of these were of opus reticulatum of the 1st century B.C.; others had the finest kind of ' See See also:Palladio (Terme dei Romani, See also:London, 1732), who gives the plan of this enormous building, now wholly hidden or destroyed. ' Bull. Inst. (1875), 89–96; see also Bull.

Comm. Arch. (1874), 137 if., pls. xi.–xviii.

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