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London, in fact, is now being regularly supplied with fresh milk from places anywhere within 150 m., and the milk traffic on the railways, not only to London but to other great centres, is an important See also:

ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item. A See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the development of the milk trade must no doubt be sought in the outbreak of See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague in 1865, for it was then that the See also:

DAIRY

dairy-men of the See also:

METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis were compelled to seek milk all over See also:

England, and the capillary refrigerator being invented soon after, the See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of milk has remained ever since in the hands of dairymen living mainly at a distance from the towns supplied. This great See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in country dairying, involving the continuous export of enormous quantities of milk from the farms, has been accompanied by subsidiary changes in the management of dairy-farms, and has necessitated the extensive See also:

PURCHASE

purchase of feeding-stuffs for the production of milk, especially in See also:

winter-See also:

time. It is probable that, in this way, a See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual improvement of the See also:

SOIL

soil on such farms has been effected, and the See also:

corn-growing soils of distant countries are adding to the See also:

STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of fertility of soils in the See also:

BRITISH

British Isles. Country roads, exposed to the See also:

WEAR

wear and See also:

TEAR

tear of a comparatively new traffic, are lively at morn and See also:

eve with the rattle of vehicles conveying fresh milk from the farms to the railway stations. Most of these changes were brought about within the limits of the last third of the 19th century. In the See also:

case of London the daily supply of a perishable See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article such as milk, which must be delivered to the consumer within a few See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of its production, to a population of five millions, is an undertaking of very great magnitude, especially when it is considered that only a comparatively See also:

minute proportion of the supply is produced in the See also:

METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan See also:

AREA

area itself.

To meet the demand of the London consumer some 5000 dairies proper exist, as well as a large number of businesses where milk is sold in See also:

CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with other commodities. It has been computed that some 12,000 traders are engaged in the business of milk-selling in the metropolis, and the number of persons employed in its See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, &c., cannot be fewer than 25,000. The amount of See also:

capital involved is very great, and it may be mentioned that the paid-up capital of six of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal distributing and See also:

RETAIL

retail dairy companies amounts to upwards of one million See also:

sterling. The most significant feature in connexion with the milk-supply of the metropolis at the beginning of the loth century is the gradual extinction of the See also:

TOWN

town " cowkeeper "—the retailer who produces the milk he sells. The facilities afforded by the railway companies, the favourable rates which have been secured for the transport of milk, and the more enlightened methods of its treatment after production, have made it possible for milk produced under more favourable conditions to be brought from consider-able distances and delivered to the retailer at a See also:

price See also:

LOWER

lower than that at which it has been possible to produce it in the metropolis itself. As a result, the number of milk cows in the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of London diminished from 10,000 in 1889 to 5144 in 1900, the latter, on an estimated production of 700 gallons per cow—the See also:

AVERAGE

average production of See also:

STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors

stall-fed town cows—representing a yearly milk yield of 3,600,000 gallons. How small a proportion this is of the See also:

TOTAL

total supply will be gathered from the fact that the See also:

ANNUAL

annual quantity of milk delivered in London on the Great Western See also:

LINE

line amounts to some r 1,000,000 gallons, whilst the London & See also:

North-Western railway delivers 9,000,000, and the Midland railway at St Pancras 5,000,000, and at others of its London stations about 1,000,000, making 6,000,000 in all. The London & See also:

South-Western railway brings upwards of 8,000,000 gallons to London, a quantity of 7,500,000 gallons is carried by the Great See also:

NORTHERN

Northern railway, and the Great Eastern railway is responsible for 7,000,000. The London, See also:

BRIGHTON

Brighton & South See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast railway de-livers 1,000,000 gallons, and the South-Eastern & See also:

Chatham and the London & Tilbury railways carry approximately 1,000,000 gallons between them. A large quantity of milk is also carried in by See also:

LOCAL

local lines from farms in the vicinity of London and delivered at the local stations, and a quantity is also brought by the Great Central railway. In addition to this, milk is taken into London by carts from farms in the neighbourhood of the metropolis. A computation of the total milk-supply of the metropolis reveals a quantity approximating to 6o,000,000 gallons per annum, or rather more than a million gallons per See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week, which, taking 500 gallons as the average yearly production of the cows contributing to this supply, represents the yield of at least 120,000 cows.

The growth of the supply of country milk to London may be judged from the figures given by Mr See also:

George See also:

BARHAM, RICHARD HARRIS (1788-1845)

Barham, chairman of the See also:

EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

Express Dairy Co. Ltd., in an article on " The Milk Trade " contributed to See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

Sheldon's See also:

WORK

work on The See also:

FARM

Farm and Dairy. The quantities carried by the respective railways in 1889 are therein stated in gallons as:—Great Western, 9,000,000; London & North-Western, 7,000,000; Midland, 7,000,000; London & South-Western, 6,000,000; Great Northern, 3,000,000; Great Eastern, 3,000,000; the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern lines, 2,000,000. The increase, therefore, on these lines amounted to no less than 13,500,000 gallons per annum, or 36 %. The diminished production in the metropolis itself amounted approximately only to 3,000,000 gallons, and it follows, therefore, that the See also:

CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption largely increased. Previously to 1864 it was only possible to bring milk into London from See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distances, but the introduction of the refrigerator has enabled milk to be brought from places as far removed from the metropolis as North See also:

STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, and it has even been received from See also:

Scotland. Practically the whole of the milk supplied to the metropolis is produced in England. Attempts have been made to introduce See also:

FOREIGN

foreign milk, and in 1898 a See also:

COMPANY

company was formed to promote the See also:

sale of fresh milk from See also:

NORMANDY

Normandy, but the enterprise did not succeed. The trade subsequently showed signs of reviving, owing probably to the increased cost of the See also:

home produced article, and during the winter See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of 1900-1901 the largest quantity received into the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom in one week amounted to ro,000 gallons. Of See also:

RECENT

recent years a large demand has sprung up for sterilized milk in bottles, and a considerable trade is also done in humanized milk, which is a milk preparation approximating in its chemical See also:

composition to human milk. Estimating the average yield of milk of each country cow at 500 gallons per annum, and assuming an average of 28 cows to each farm, as many as 4300 farmers are engaged in supplying London with milk; allotting ten cows to each milker, it needs 12 battalions of r000 men each for this work alone. Some 3500 horses are required to convey the milk from the farms to the country railway stations.

The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

SOURCES

sources of supply are in the counties of See also:

Derby, See also:

Stafford, See also:

Leicester, See also:

Northampton, Notts, See also:

Warwick, Bucks, See also:

Oxford, See also:

Gloucester, Berks, Wilts, Hants, See also:

DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset, See also:

Essex, and See also:

Cambridge. It is not entirely owing to the railways that London's enormous supply of milk has been rendered possible, for the milk must still have been produced in the immediate neighbourhood of the metropolis had not the method of reducing the temperature of the product by means of the refrigerator been devised. There are probably 5700 horses engaged in the delivery of milk in London, and more See also:

PEOPLE

people are employed in this work than in milking the cows. One of the great difficulties the London dairyman has to contend with, and a cause of frequent anxiety to him, is associated with the rise and fall of the thermometer, for a See also:

MOVEMENT

movement to the extent of ten degrees one way or the other may diminish or increase the supply in an inverse ratio to the demand. Thus, at periods of extreme See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, the cows shrink in their yield of milk, while from the same cause the Londoner is demanding more, in an extra See also:

CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup of See also:

COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, &c. Again, at periods of extreme See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, which has the same effect on the cow's production as extreme cold, the customer also demands an increased quantity of milk. Ten degrees fall of temperature in the summer will result in a lessened demand and an enlarged supply—to such an extent, indeed, that a single See also:

FIRM

firm has been known to have had returned by its See also:

CARRIERS

carriers some 600 gallons in one See also:

day. In such cases the cream separator is capable of rendering invaluable assistance. To make See also:

CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese in757 London in large quantities and at uncertain intervals has been found to be impracticable, while to set for cream a great bulk of milk is almost equally so. But now a considerable portion of what would otherwise be lost is saved by passing the milk through separators, and churning the cream into See also:

BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter. Previously to the enormous development of the urban trade in country milk, dairy farms were in the See also:

main self-sustaining in the See also:

MATTER

matter of See also:

MANURES

manures and feeding-stuffs, and the cropping of arable See also:

LAND

land was governed by routine. To-day, on the contrary, many dairy farms are run at high pressure by the help of See also:

PURCHASED

purchased materials,—corn, cake, and manure,—and the land is cropped regardless of routine and See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent of courses.

Such crops, moreover, are grown—See also:

white See also:

STRAW

straw crops, See also:

green crops, See also:

root crops —as are deemed likely to be most needed at the time when they are ready. Green crops,—" soiling " crops, as they are termed in North See also:

AMERICA

America,—consisting largely of vetches or tares (held up by stalks of See also:

OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

oat See also:

PLANTS

plants grown amongst them), cabbages, and in some districts green See also:

MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, are used to supplement the failing grass-lands at the fall of the See also:

YEAR

year, and root crops, especially mangel, are advantageously grown for the same purpose. For winter feeding the farm is made to yield what it will in the shape of meadow and See also:

CLOVER

clover See also:

hay, and of course root crops of the several kinds. This See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision is supplemented by the purchase of, for example, brewers' grains as a bulky See also:

food, and of oilcake and corn of many sorts as concentrated food.

End of Article: TIDE MILK

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