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UNCIALS .—Codex Vaticanus (Vat. Gr, 1209), See also:Greg. B, v. See also:Soden S 1; an uncial MS. of the 4th See also:century. It is written in three columns and has See also:forty-two lines to the See also:column. It originally Codex contained the whole See also:Bible, but in the New Testament See also:Cod emus. Heb. ix. 14, xiii. 25, I and 2 Tim., Tit., See also:Philemon, Apoc., are 'See also:tow missing. It was written by three See also:scribes of whom the writer of the New Testament was identified by See also:Tischendorf as the See also:scribe D of s (cod. Sinaiticus). The See also:text has been corrected by two scribes, gne (the SwpOwr,ts) contemporary with the See also:original writer, the other belonging to the loth or 11th century. The latter probably also re-inked the whole of the MS. and introduced a few changes in the text, though some critics think that this was done by a See also: It was found in 1844 by C. Tischendorf (q.v.) in the monastery of Stnaitt-St See also:Catherine on Mt. See also:Sinai, and finally acquired by the See also:tsar in 1869. It is written on thin vellum in four columns cus. of 'forty-eight lines each to a See also:page. It contained originally the whole Bible, and the New Testament is still See also:complete. At the end it also contains the Ep. of See also:Barnabas and the Shepherd of See also:Hermas, unfortunately incomplete, and there was probably originally some other document between these two. The text was written, according to Tischendorf, by four scribes, of whom he identified one as also the scribe of cod. Vaticanus. It was corrected many times, especially in the 6th century, by a scribe known as See also:ea and in the 7th by ea. It has, in the See also:main, a Neutral text, less mixed in the Epistles than that of B, but not so pure in the Gospels. The corrections of s° are important, as they are based (according to a See also:note by that scribe, at the end of Either) on an See also:early copy which had been corrected by See also:Pamphilus, the See also:disciple of See also:Origen, friend of See also:Eusebius and founder of a library at Caesarea. [The text of was published in Tischendorf's Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus (vol. iv.,1862), and separately in his Novum Testamentum Sinaiticum (1863); in 1909 it was published in collotype by the See also:Clarendon See also:Press, See also:Oxford. The relations of s° to Pamphilus are studied by Bousset in " Textkritische Studien zum N.T." (in Texte u. Untersuchungen, xi. 4).] If Tischendorf was right in identifying the scribe of B with that of See also:part of e, it is obvious that these See also:MSS. probably come from the same See also:place. He was probably wrong, but there are some indications of relationship to justify the same view. The two most probable places seem to be Caesarea and See also:Alexandria. The See also:case for Caesarea is that the See also:colophon written by ea at the end of See also:Esther, and also of See also:Ezra, shows that is was then in the library of Caesarea, and that a See also:chapter See also:division in Acts found both in K and B can also be traced to the same library. This is a fairly strong case, but it falls See also:short" of demonstration because it cannot be shown that the MS. corrected by Pamphilus was still at Caesarea when it was used by s, and because it is not certain either that the chapter divisions in Acts were added by the original scribes, or that s and B were at that See also:time in their original See also:home, or that the chapter divisions were necessarily only to be found at Caesarea. The case for Alexandria depends partly on the See also:orthography of B, which resembles Graeco-Coptic papyri, partly on the See also:order of the Pauline epistles. At See also:present, both in x and B, See also:Hebrews is placed after 2 Thess., but in B there is also a continuous numeration of sections throughout the epistles, according to which I to 58 See also:cover See also:Romans to See also:Galatians, but See also:Ephesians, the next See also:epistle, begins with 70 instead of 59, and the omitted See also:section See also:numbers are found in Hebrews. Obviously, the archetype placed Hebrews between Galatians and Ephesians, but the scribe altered the order and put it between 2 Thess. and I Tim., though without changing the section numbers. This older order of the epistles is only found elsewhere in the Sahidic version of the New Testament, and it was probably therefore the old See also:Egyptian or Alexandrian order. Moreover, we know from the Festal See also:letter of A.D. 367 (according to the See also:Greek and See also:Syriac texts, but not the Sahidic), that See also:Athanasius then introduced the order of the epistles which is now given in x B. This is strong See also:evidence for the view that the archetype of B came from Alexandria or the neighbourhood, and was older than the time of Athanasius, but it scarcely proves that B itself is Alexandrian, for the order of epistles which it gives is also that adopted by the See also:council of See also:Laodicea in A.D. 363, and may have been introduced elsewhere, perhaps in Caesarea. A further See also:argument, sometimes based upon and some-times in turn used to support the foregoing, is that the text of x B represents that of See also:Hesychius; but this is extremely doubtful (see the section Textual See also:Criticism below). [The question of the provenance of x and B may best be studied in J. Rendel See also:Harris, See also:Stichometry (See also:Cambridge, 1893), pp. 71.89; J. Armitage See also:Robinson, " Euthaliana," Texts and Studies, iii. 3 (Cambridge, 1895), esp. pp. 34-43 (these more especially for the connexion with Caesarea) ; A. Rahfls, " Alter and Heimat der vatikanischer Bibelhandschrift," in the Nachrichten der Gesell. der Wiss. zu See also:Gottingen (1899), vol. i. pp. 72-79; and O. von Gebhardt in a See also:review of the last named in the Theologische Literaturzeitung (1899), See also:col. 556.] Codex Bezae (Cambridge Univ. Nu. 2, 41), Greg. D, von Soden S 5 ; an uncial Graeco-Latin MS. not later than the 6th century and prob-Besae. ably considerably earlier. The text is written in one column to a page, the Greek on the See also:left See also:hand page and the Latin on the right. It was given to the university of Cambridge in 1581, but its early history is doubtful. See also:Beza stated that it came from See also:Lyons and had been always preserved in the monastery of St See also:Irenaeus there. There is no See also:reason to question Beza's See also:bona fides, or that the MS. was obtained by him after the See also:sack of Lyons in 1562 by See also:des Adrets, but there is See also:room for doubt as to the accuracy of his belief that it had been for a See also:long time in the same monastery. His See also:information on this point would necessarily be derived from See also:Protestant See also:sources, which would not be of the highest value, and there are two pieces of evidence which show that just previously the MS. was in See also:Italy. In the first place it is certainly identical with the MS. called n which is quoted in the margin of the 1550 edition of See also:Robert Stephanus' Greek Testament; this MS. according to Stephanus' See also:preface was collated for him by See also:friends in Italy. In the second place it was probably used at the council of See also:Trent in 1546 by Gul. a See also:Prato, See also:bishop of Clermont in See also:Auvergne, and in the last edition of the Annotationes Beza quotes his MS. as Claromontanus, and not as Lugdunensis. These points suggest that the MS. had only been a short time at Lyons when Beza obtained it. The still earlier history of the MS. is equally doubtful. H. Quentin has produced some interesting but not convincing evidence to show that the MS. was used in Lyons in the 12th century, and Rendel Harris at one time thought that there were traces of Gallicism in the Latin, but the latter's more See also:recent researches go to show that the corrections and annotations varying in date between the 7th and 12th centuries point to a See also:district which was at first predominantly Greek and afterwards became Latin. This would suit See also:South Italy, but not Lyons. The text of this MS. is important as the See also:oldest and best See also:witness in a Greek MS. to the so-called " Western " text. (See the section Textual Criticism below.) [The following books and articles are important for the history, as apart from the text of the MS. Codex Bezae . phototypice repraesentatus (Cambridge, 1899) ; Scrivener, Codex Bezae (Can,-See also:bridge, 1864) ; J. Rendel Harris, " A Study of Cod. Bezae," Texts and Studies, i. i (Cambridge, 1891); J. Rendel Harris, The Annotators of Cod. Bezae (See also:London, 1901) ; F. E. Brightman and K. See also:Lake, " The See also:Italian Origin of Codex Bezae," in See also:Journal of Theol. Studies, See also:April 1900, pp. 441 ff.; F. C. Burkitt, " The Date of Codex Bezae," in the Journal of Theol. Studies, See also:July 1902, pp. 501 ff.; D. H. Quentin, " Le Codex Bezae a See also:Lyon, &c.," Revue See also:Benedictine, xxxiii. I, 1906.] Codex Alexandrinus (G. M. reg. ID v.-viii.), Greg. A, von Soden 84; an uncial MS. of the 5th century. It was given by See also:Cyril Lucar, Alexaa- See also:patriarch of See also:Constantinople, to See also: In the New Testament it has in the gospels a See also:late text of See also:Westcott and See also:Hort's " Syrian " type, but in the epistles there is a strongly marked " Alexandrian " element. [Cod. A was published in photographic facsimile in 1879-1880.] Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus (See also:Paris Nat. Gr. 9), Greg. C, von Soden 5 3; an uncial See also:palimpsest (the See also:top See also:writing being that of Ephraem) of the 5th century. It was formerly the See also:pro- Ephraeml perty of Catherine de' See also:Medici, and was probably brought Syri. from the See also:east to Italy in the 16th century. Hort (Intro- duction, p. 268) has shown from a See also:consideration of displacements in the text of the Apocalypse that it was copied from a very small MS., but this, of course, only holds See also:good of the Apocalypse. It is usually said that this MS., like A, came originally from Egypt, but this is merely a palaeographical guess, for which there is no real evidence. Originally, it contained the whole Bible, but only sixty-four leaves of the Old Testament remain, and 145 (giving about `two-thirds of the whole) of the New Testament. The See also:character of the text is mixed with a strong " Alexandrian " element. [Published in facsimile by Tischendorf (1843). Discussed by See also:Lagarde in his Ges. Abhandlungen, p. 94.] Codex Claromontanus (Paris Nat. Gr. 107), Greg. DP", von Soden a 1026; an uncial Graeco-Latin MS. of the 6th century. This MS. also belonged to Beza, who " acquired " it from the Claromoamonastery of Clermont, near See also:Beauvais. After his See also:death taaus. it passed through various private hands and was finally bought for the See also:French royal library before 1656. It contains the whole of the Pauline epistles with a few lacunae, and has a famous stichometric See also:list of books prefixed in another hand to Hebrews. It is probably the best extant witness to the type of Greek text which was in use in Italy at an early time. It is closely connected with cod. Sangermanensis (a See also:direct copy) at St Petersburg, Greg. Ei°i, von Soden a 1027; cod. Augiensis (Cambridge, Trin. See also:Coll. B xvii. I), Greg. FP", von Soden a 1029; and cod. Boernerianus (See also:Dresden K Bibl.), Greg. Gm" von Soden a 1028. [The text is published in Tischendorf's Codex Claromontanus (1852). Its relations to EFG are best discussed in Westcott and Hort's Introduction, §§ 335-337.] There are no other uncials equal in importance to the above. The next most valuable are probably cod. Regius of the 8th century at Paris, Greg. L, von Soden a 56, containing the Gospels; cod. Laudianus of the 7th century at Oxford, Greg. E, von Soden a See also:Tool,, a Latino-Greek MS. containing the Acts; cod. Coislinianus of the 6th century in Paris, See also:Turin, iev, See also:Moscow and Mt. See also:Athos, Greg. HP°i, von Soden a 1022, containing fragments of the Pauline epistles; and cod. Augiensis of the 9th century in Trinity See also:College, Cambridge, Greg. FP°i von Soden a 1029, a Graeco-Latin MS. closely related to cod. Claromontanus. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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