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cavalry near Mi. The Zadorra, fordable in certain spots only, was spanned by bridges at Puebla de Arganzon, Nanclares, Villodas, Tres Puentes, See also:

Mendoza, Abechuco and Gamarra Mayor, which French guns commanded; but, for some See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, none of these had been destroyed. The faults of the French position and their occupation of it were its See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension; that it was in prolongation of and (on the right especially) very See also:

close to their line of See also:

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, so that if the right were driven back this line could be at once seized; that the centre was not strongly held; and that all bridges were left intact. The See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies (nearly 8o,000, with 90 guns), under See also:

Wellington, had moved from the river Bayas at daylight to attack Joseph, in four columns, .the right being under Hill (20,000, including Morillos's Spaniards), the right centre and left centre under Wellington (30,000) and the left under See also:

Graham (20,000, including Longa's Spaniards).

As the columns marched across the intersected See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country between the Bayas and Zadorra, extending from near Puebla de Arganzon to the Bilbao-Vitoria road, they kept See also:

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with each other; and as they neared the Zadorra the battle opened all along the line soon after ro a.m. Welling-ton's instructions to Graham were to undertake no manoeuvre which would See also:

SEPARATE

separate his See also:

COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column from those on the right; but, with this proviso, to seize the Vitoria-Bayonne road if the enemy appeared decidedly in retreat. Hill after a See also:

sharp contest gained the Puebla heights, too weakly held; and pushing through the pass carried the See also:

VILLAGE

village of Subijana de Alava. The right centre column having reached Villodas, was waiting for Hill to gain further ground, when the See also:

BRIDGE

bridge at Tres Puentes was observed to, be unguarded, probably because it was commanded from the south bank; and, the French See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention being now turned towards their flanks, it was surprised and rushed by Wellington with the See also:

LIGHT

Light See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, supported quickly by cavalry and other troops, who maintained themselves on the south bank. Joseph's centre was partially forced, while his left was hard pressed by Hill; and, fearing that Gazan and D'Erlon might be cut off from Reille, he ordered them to withdraw to a ridge farther back, which they did, holding Arinez in front. Here there was no hard fighting; but, as Wellington had now passed three divisions, many guns and the cavalry (which, however, from the nature of the ground could be but little used) across the Zadorra, Margarita, Hermandad and Arinez soon See also:

fell to the Allies. On the left, Graham, having turned the heights north of Zadorra with Longa's Spaniards, seized Gamarra Menor close to the Bayonne road. He also with heavy loss carried Gamarra Mayor and Abechuco, but the bridges south of these villages, though more than once taken, were always recaptured by Reille. At length, when a See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade from the Allied centre had been pushed up from Hermandad against Reille's flank, he withdrew from the obstinately defended bridges, and before this Gazan and D'Erlon had also fallen back, fighting, to a third position on a ridge between Armentia and See also:

Ali See also:

west of Vitoria. Here, at about 6 p.m., they made a last stand, being compelled in the end to yield; and as Graham having now crossed the bridges was close to the Bayonne road, the main See also:

BODY

body of Joseph's army fled by a See also:

BAD, BCD

bad See also:

CROSS

cross road towards Pampeluna, abandoning See also:

ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, vehicles and baggage (of which an enormous quantity was parked near Vitoria), Reille afterwards joining it through Betonia. The Allies then occupied Vitoria and pursued the French until nightfall. All Joseph's equipages, See also:

AMMUNITION

ammunition and stores, 143 guns, a million See also:

sterling in mcney, and various trophies fell into Wellington's hands, the French loss in men being nearly 7000, that of the Allies over 5000, of whom 1600 were Portuguese and Spaniards.

This decisive victory practically freed Spain from French domination. (C. W.

End of Article: VITORIA

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