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VITOR IA
See also:June stet, t8t;
the yenerol oharnot.r of the ground bawd. the dodorro eM tM Betas See also:urea broken and'eaadµ hilly a+d intersected by nervy Omani
../ , See also:Puebla de Minnows
Redrawn from See also:Major-See also:General C. W. See also:- ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
- ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
- ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
- ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
- ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
- ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
- ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)
Robinson's See also:Wellington's See also:Campaigns,
by permission of See also:Hugh See also:Rees, Ltd.
BmeryVNter or-
in all See also:probability, constituted an essential feature in the Scottish forts. Except on the See also:hypothesis of buttresses of a similar See also:kind, it is impossible to explain the vast quantities of loose stones which are found both inside and outside many of the vitrified walls.
The method by which the See also:fusion of such extensive fortifications was produced has excited much conjecture. See also:Williams maintained that the builders found out, either during the See also:process of smelting See also:bog-ore, or whilst offering sacrifices, the See also:power of See also:fire in vitrifying See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone, and that they utilized this method to See also:cement and strengthen their defences. This view has been keenly controverted, and it has been suggested that the vitrified summits were not forts but the craters of See also:extinct volcanoes, an hypothesis See also:long since abandoned; that they are not so much forts as vitrified sites, and that the vitrescence was produced by fires lighted during times of invasion, or in religious celebrations; and, lastly, that if they were forts they must originally have been built of See also:wood and stone, and that their See also:present See also:appearance is due to their being set on fire by a besieging enemy. The theory of Williams has, with modifications, been accepted by the See also:principal authorities. It is supported by the following facts:
(1) The See also:idea of strengthening walls by means of fire is not singular, or confined to a distinct See also:race or See also:area, as is proved by the burnt-See also:earth enclosure of Aztalan, in See also:Wisconsin, and the vitrified stone monuments of the See also:Mississippi valley. (2) Many of the See also:Primary rocks, particularly the See also:schists, gneisses and traps, which contain large quantities of potash and soda, can be readily fused in the open See also:air by means of wood fires—the See also:alkali of the wood serving in some measure as a See also:flux. (3) The walls are chiefly vitrified at the weakest points, the naturally inaccessible parts being unvitrified. (4) When the forts have been placed on materials practically infusible, as on the quartzose conglomerates of the Old Red See also:Sandstone, as at See also:Craig Phadraic, and on the limestones of Dun Mac Uisneachain, pieces of fusible rocks have been selected and carried to the See also:top from a considerable distance. (5) The vitrified walls of the Scottish forts are invariably formed of small stones which could be easily acted upon by fire, whereas the See also:outer See also:ram-parts, which are not vitrified, are built of large blocks. (6) Many of the See also:continental forts are so constructed that the fire must have been applied internally, and at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time when the structure was being erected. (7) See also:Daubree, in an See also:analysis which he made on vitrified materials taken from four See also:French forts, and which he submitted to the See also:Academy of See also:Paris in See also:February 1881, found the presence of natron in such See also:great abundance that he inferred that See also:sea-See also:salt was used to facilitate fusion. (8) In Scandinavia, where there are hundreds of See also:ordinary forts, and where for centuries a See also:system of See also:signal fires was enforced by See also:law, no trace of vitrifaction has yet been detected.
A great antiquity has been assigned to vitrified forts, without sufficient See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof. Articles of See also:bronze and See also:iron have been found in the Scottish forts, while in See also:Puy de See also:Gaudy a See also:Roman See also:tile has been discovered soldered to a piece of vitrified See also:rock. In a few of the See also:German forts See also:Professor See also:Virchow found some of the logs used as See also:fuel in vitrifying the walls, and he concluded from the evenness of their cut surfaces that iron and not stone implements must have been used. These results indicate that these structures were possibly in use as See also:late as the See also:early centuries of the See also:Christian era. It has been suggested that they were built as refuges against the Norsemen. Much in the situation and See also:character of the forts favours this supposition. This is especially the See also:case with reference to the Scottish forts. Here the vitrified summits are invariably so selected that they not only command what were the favourite landing-places of the vikings, but are the best natural defences against attacks made from the direction of the seacoast. In See also:Saxony and See also:Lusatia the forts are known as Schwedenburgen, and in the See also:Highlands of See also:Scotland as the fortresses of the Feinne designations which also seem to point to an origin dating back to the times of the vikings.
J. See also:- ANDERSON
- ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
- ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
- ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
- ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
- ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
- ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
- ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
- ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
- ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
- ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)
Anderson, Scotland in See also:Pagan Times (1886); C. MacLagan, The See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill Forts of See also:Ancient Scotland; See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Aitken, Trans. See also:Inverness Scientific See also:Soc. vol. i.; See also:Charles See also:Proctor, Chemical Analysis of Vitrified Stones from Tap o' Noth and Dunideer (See also:Huntly See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
Field See also:Club); various papers in Proceedings of Soc. Antiq. See also:Scot. (since 1903 The Scottish See also:Historical See also:Review) and Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy; R. See also:Munro, Prehistoric Scotland (1899); G. See also:Chalmers, See also:Caledonia (new ed., 7 vols., See also:Paisley, 1887–94); See also:- MURRAY
- MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
- MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
- MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
- MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
- MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
- MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
- MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
- MURRAY, JOHN
- MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
- MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
- MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
- MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
- MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )
Murray's Handbook to Scotland (1903 ed.) ; Leonhard, Archie See also:fur Mineralogie, vol. i.; Virchow, Ztschr. fur Ethnologie, vols. iii. and iv.; Schaaffhausen, Ver-handlungen der See also:deutsch. anthrop. Gesellschaft (1881); See also:Kohl, Verhand. d. deutsch. anthrop. Gesellschaft (1883); Thuot, La Forteresse vitrifiee du Puy de Gaudy, &c.; De Nadaillac, See also:Les Premiers Hommes, vol. i.; Mimoires de la Soc. Antiq. de See also:France, vol. xxxviii.; See also:Hildebrand, De forhistoriska folken i See also:Europa (See also:Stockholm, 188o) ; Behla, See also:Die vorgeschichtlichen Rundwalle See also:im dstlichen Deutschland (See also:Berlin, 1888) ; Oppermann and Schuchhardt, See also:Atlas vorgeschichtlicher Befestigungen in Niedersachen (See also:Hanover, 1888–98) ; Zschiesche, Die vorgeschichtlichen Burgen and Walle im Thuringer Zentralbecken (See also:Halle, 1889); See also:Bug, Schlesische Heidenschanzen (Grottleau, 1890) ; Gohausen, Die Befestigungsweisen der Vorzeit and See also:des Mittelalters (See also:Wiesbaden, 1898).
(R.
End of Article: VITOR
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