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WINDOW (properly. " See also:wind See also:eye" ) , the See also:term applied in See also:architecture (Ital. fenestra, Fr. fenelre, Span. ventana, Ger. Fenster) to an See also:aperture or opening in a See also:wall for the See also:admission of See also:light and See also:air to the interior of a See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall or See also:room.
The earliest windows are those which constituted the See also:clerestory windows of the See also:Great Hall of Columns at See also:Karnak; they were filled with See also:vertical slabs of See also:masonry pierced with narrow slits. Other See also:Egyptian temples were lighted in the same way. In one at Der el Medinet at See also:Thebes the window was divided by See also:miniature columns with See also:lotus capitals. Some of the small See also:ivory carvings found at Nimroud by See also:Layard, now in the See also:British Museum, are evidently of Egyptian workmanship, as they have lotus columns forming a See also:balustrade in the See also:lower See also:part of the window; and such features are shown in the See also:Assyrian bas-reliefs as windows in the towers. Dr See also:Arthur See also:Evans's discoveries at See also:Cnossus have revealed, in the eastern portion of the See also:palace, rectangular openings which were certainly windows, with raised sills and See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone benches inside, and the representations of the See also:ordinary houses at Cnossus on a See also:series of plaques show that they were in two or three storeys with openings in the upper storeys filled with windows framed in See also:timber with transoms and mullions. It was at one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time thought that there were no windows in See also:Greek temples, and those of the See also:west front of the See also:Erechtheum are known now to be later reconstructions of the See also:Roman See also:period, but the remains of two windows placed on either See also:side cf theas to the See also:lighting of some of the temples in See also:Rome, in which were placed all the magnificent statues from See also:Greece, so as to enable them to be seen properly. The See also:Pantheon was lighted by a circular opening in the See also:dome 30 ft. in See also:diameter; the See also:rain therefore See also:fell in at times, and consequently the See also:pavement had a See also:convex See also:contour, there being also holes under the hypaethral opening in connexion with drains beneath the pavement. There was a window at the See also:south end of the See also:tepidarium of the See also:Forum See also:baths at See also:Pompeii, said to have been filled with a See also:bronze See also:frame with See also:glass in it, See also:half an See also:inch thick. Although no window frames have been found in Pompeii,the openings in the walls show that some of the rooms were lighted by windows; one of them in the See also:house of Diomede takes the See also:form of a See also:bow window with three See also:lights in it.
In the later styles the windows assume much greater importance, and in See also:Gothic cathedrals almost govern the whole See also:design. Already, however, in the earliest See also:Byzantine See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, Sta See also:Sophia at See also:Constantinople, the windows constituted one of the See also:chief features of the church; the See also:forty windows See also:round the See also:base of the See also:cupola giving an exceptional lightness to the structure; besides, there are windows in the larger and smaller apses and in the See also:north and south walls. The windows in the latter, which are of great See also:size, are subdivided by See also:marble mullions with pierced lattices between of transparent See also:marbles.
In the later Byzantine churches the windows were of smaller dimensions, but always filled with marble screens, sometimes pierced, and the grouping of two or three under a single See also:arch is the prevailing design.
In the Romanesque styles the windows are universally round-headed, with See also:infinite variety of design in the See also:mouldings and their enrichment, greater importance being sometimes given by having two or more rings of See also:arches, the See also:outer ones carried by small columns; this is varied in See also:Norman See also:work by dividing them with a See also:shaft into two or more lights placed in shallow recesses under an arched See also:head. Circular windows occur occasionally, as in the eastern See also:transept of See also:Canterbury, at Iffley church, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, Barfreston and Patricksbourne in See also:Kent. In all these See also:early windows, which are usually small, greater light is obtained by splaying the jambs inside with a scoinson arch over them. The coupling together of two or more windows under a single arch, and the piercing of the tympanum above, led to the development of See also:plate and See also:rib See also:tracery (see TRACERY); also to that of the circular or See also:rose windows, which throughout the Romanesque and Gothic periods constituted very important features in the church, being placed high up in the west front over the See also:porch or in the transepts; sometimes, and more particularly in See also:French churches, they occupied the whole of the upper portion of the windows, having vertical lights under them, but the junction was never quite satisfactory.
Although the employment of tracery continued See also:long after the classic revival, the examples generally are poor in design, and even in those that are more elaborate (as those of the period of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. in the church at Le See also:Grand Andely) the introduction of classic details in the ordinary and rose windows was of too capricious a See also:character to make them worthy of much See also:attention. The early See also:Renaissance architects in See also:France in some cases, and notably in the apsidal chapels of St See also:Pierre at See also:Caen (1520), seemed to feel that the stained glass was too much cut up by the tracery and mullions, and omitted them altogether, trusting to the See also:iron stanchions and See also:cross-bars to carry their glass, so that a return was made to the See also:simple semicircular-headed window of Roman times, retaining only the mouldings of the See also:late Flamboyant period for the jambs and arch-moulds. Windows of this description, however, would be out of See also:place in domestic architecture, so that the See also:mullion window was there retained with two or three transoms, all moulded and with square heads; in the Tudor period cusping was introduced in the upper lights and occasion-ally in those below, and this See also:custom lingered for a long time in the collegiate buildings of Oxford and See also:Cambridge and in various houses throughout See also:England. In France, square-headed windows were almost always employed, owing to the earlier introduction there of the Renaissance See also:style, when the decoration of the mullions, generally consisting of classic pilasters, required some See also:kind of See also:architrave, See also:frieze and See also:cornice. to render the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order See also:complete; eventually the mullion and See also:transom disappear, and in the earlier work of the Louvre the windows are simple rectangular openings, fitted with wooden framework, and, like those in Rome, See also:Milan and See also:Genoa, depend for their architectural effect on the moulded classic jambs, and the See also:lintel, frieze and small cornice over; and in cases where more importance was required, with small semicircular columns or pilasters carrying the usual See also:entablature, with small pediments sometimes angular and sometimes semicircular, repeating in fact an See also:ancient Roman design, of which almost the only examples known are the See also:blank windows and niches which decorated some of the enclosure walls of the Roman thermae. In See also:Florence and See also:Siena the early windows of the Renaissance often had semicircular heads and were coupled together, there being two lights to the window divided by shafts, thus continuing the tradition of those of the earlier Tuscan palaces; the same treatment was followed in See also:Venice, See also:Verona and other towns in the north-See also:east, where the Gothic See also:influence of the palaces in Venice created a transition; thus the mouldings of the windows of the Vendramini and Corner Spinelli palaces follow closely those of the Ducal Palace, but the arches are semicircular instead of being either pointed or See also:ogee in form. Another type See also:peculiar to Venice is a lofty window with semicircular head enclosed in a rectangular See also:panel and crowned with a small entablature and See also:pediment.
The only new See also:combination of the 16th See also:century in See also:Italy, which was largely adopted in England by Inigo See also:- JONES
- JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
- JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
- JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
- JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
- JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
- JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
- JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
- JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
- JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
- JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
- JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
- JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
- JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
- JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
- JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)
Jones and his followers in the 17th and 18th centuries, is the so-called Venetian or See also:Palladian window, the finest example of which is that found in the See also:Sala della Ragione or the See also:basilica at See also:Vicenza; it is true that it was here employed by See also:Palladio to light an open See also:gallery, but the See also:composition was so generally approved that it led to its See also:constant See also:adoption for a window of more importance than the ordinary simple rectangular form. It consists of a central light with semicircular arch over, carried on an See also:impost consisting of a small entablature, under which, and enclosing two other lights, one on each side, are pilasters. In the library at Venice, See also:Sansovino varied the design by substituting columns for the two inner pilasters. The Palladian window was introduced by Inigo Jones in the centre of the See also:garden front at See also:Wilton, by See also:Lord See also:Burlington in the centres of the wings of the Royal See also:Academy, and See also:good examples exist in Holkham House, See also:Norfolk, by Kent, and in See also:Worcester See also:College, Oxford. There do not seem to be any examples in either See also:Germany, France or See also:Spain. Circular and See also:oval windows, lighting a See also:mezzanine or the upper part of a hall, are found in Italy, France and England, sometimes over ordinary rectangular windows when the See also:main front is decorated with semi-detached columns as in See also:Hampton See also:Court Palace. (R. P.
End of Article: WINDOW (properly. " wind eye" )
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