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ADTIIORITIES .—In addition to the See also:Report referred to above the following See also:works may be consulted: H. T. See also:Riley, Memorials of See also:London and London See also:Life (1868) ; See also:Chronicle of London from 1089 to 1483 (ed. by See also:Sir N. H. See also:Nicolas and E. Tyrrel, 1827) ; Munimenta Gild
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(1690) reserving the See also:judgment in quo warranto against the See also:city. The See also:livery companies now in existence are the following:
Apothecaries. Fellowship Porters. Needlemakers.
Armourers and Bra- Feltmakers.
Painters.
siers. Fishmongers. See also:Pattern Makers.
Bakers. Fletchers. Pewterers.
Barbers. Founders. Plaisterers.
See also:Basket Makers. Framework Knitters.
Playing Card
Blacksmiths. Fruiterers. Makers.
Bowyers. Girdlers. Plumbers.
Brewers. See also:Glass Sellers. Poulters.
Broderers. Glaziers. Saddlers.
Butchers. Glovers. Salters.
Carmen. See also:Gold and See also:Silver Scriveners.
Carpenters. \Vyre-drawers. Shipwrights.
Clockmakers. Goldsmiths. Silkthrowsters.
Clothworkers.
Grocers. Skinners.
See also:Coach and Coach- Gunmakers. Spectacle makers.
See also:harness Makers. Haberdashers. Stationers.
Cooks. Horners. See also:Tallow Chandlers.
Coopers. Innholders.
See also:Tin See also:Plate Workers.
Cordwainers. Ironmongers. Turners.
See also:Carriers. Joiners. Tylers and See also:Brick-
Cutlers. Leathersellers. layers.
Distillers. Loriners. Upholders.
Drapers.
Masons. See also:Wax chandlers.
Dyers. Mercers. Weavers.
Fanmakers. See also:Merchant Taylors. Wheelwrights.
Farriers. Musicians. Woolmen.
The following are the twelve See also:great companies in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of civic See also:precedence: Mercers, Grocers, Drapers, Fishmongers, Gold-smiths, Skinners, Merchant Taylors, Haberdashers, Salters, Ironmongers, Vintners, See also:Cloth-workers.
The " Irish Society " was incorporated in the 11 See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I. as " the See also:governor and assistants of the new See also:plantation in See also:Ulster, within the See also:realm of See also:Ireland." The twelve companies contributed in equal portions the sum of £6o,000 for the new See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme, by which it was intended to See also:settle a See also:Protestant See also:colony in the lands forfeited by the Irish rebels. The companies divided the See also:settlement into twelve nearly equal parts, assigning one to each, but the See also:separate estates are still held to be under the See also:paramount See also:jurisdiction of the Irish Society. The See also:charter of the society was revoked by the See also:court of See also:star chamber in the reign of See also:Charles I., but a new one was granted by Charles II., under which the society still acts.
Most of the companies administer charities of large value. Many of them are See also:governors of important See also:schools, e.g. the Skinners have the See also:Tonbridge See also:Grammar School; the Mercers, St See also:Paul's School; the Merchant Taylors, the school bearing their name, &c. The constitution of the livery companies usually embraces (a) the court, which includes the See also:master and wardens, and is the executive and administrative See also:body; (2) the livery or See also:middle class, being the body from which the court is recruited; and (3) the See also:general body of freemen, from which the livery is recruited. Some companies admit See also:women as freemen. The freedom is obtained either by patrimony (by any See also:person over twenty-one years of See also:age See also:born in lawful wedlock after the See also:admission of his See also:father to the freedom), by See also:servitude (by being See also:bound as an apprentice to a See also:freeman of the See also:company) or by redemption. Admission to many of the companies is subject to the See also:payment of considerable fees. For example, in the Merchant Taylors the fees are—upon taking up the freedom, by patrimony or servitude, £1, 3s. 4d.; by redemption, £84; on admission to the livery, £8o, 8s.; on See also:election to the court of assistants, £115, tos. At one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the position of the livery companies was a subject of much See also:political discussion.
Two parties threatened to attack them—on one See also:side those who were anxious for extensive reforms in the municipal organization of London; on the other, those who wished to carry forward the See also:process of inspection and revision of endowments, which had already overtaken the See also:universities, schools and other charities. A Royal See also:Commission was appointed in 188o to inquire into all the livery companies, into the circumstances and See also:dates of their See also:foundation, the See also:objects for which they were founded, and how far those objects were being carried into effect. A very valuable Report and Appendix (4 vols., 1884) was published, containing, inter alia, See also:information on the constitution and See also:powers of the governing bodies, the mode of admission of members of the companies, the mode of See also:appointment, duties and salaries and other emoluments of the servants of the companies, the See also:property of, or held in See also:trust for, the companies, its value, situation and description. The companies very freely made returns to the commission, the only ones not doing so being the Broderers, Bowyers, Distillers, Glovers, Tin-Plate Workers and \Weavers. The Commission estimated the See also:annual income of the companies to be from £750,000 to £800,000, about £200,000 of that amount being trust income, the See also:balance corporate income.
1859–1862); J. Toulmin See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith, See also:English See also:Gilds (published by See also:Early
English See also:Text Society), with See also:essay by L. See also:Brentano (187o); W.
See also:Herbert, See also:History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies (1837) ; C.
See also:Gross, The Gild Merchant (2 vols., 1890) ; W. C. See also:Hazlitt, The Livery
Companies of the City of London (1892), contains a precis of the
Royal Commission; P.
H. Ditchfield, The City Companies of
London (1904); G. Unwin, The Gilds and Companies of London
(1908). (T. A.
End of Article: ADTIIORITIES
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