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face the rebels. The attack on Palestine was a fiasco, and the generals sent against Molon and Alexander met with disaster. Only in Asia Minor, where the Seleucid cause was represented by the king's See also:

cousin, the able Achaeus, was its See also:

PRESTIGE

prestige restored and the Pergamene See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power driven back to its earlier limits. In 221 Antiochus at last went See also:

east, and the See also:

REBELLION

rebellion of Molon and Alexander collapsed. The submission of Lesser Media, which had asserted its See also:

independence under Artabazanes, followed. Antiochus rid himself of Hermeias by assassination and returned to See also:

SYRIA

Syria (220). Meanwhile Achaeus himself had revolted and assumed the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of king in Asia Minor. Since, however, his power was not well enough grounded to allow of his attacking Syria, Antiochus considered that he might leave Achaeus for the See also:

PRESENT

present and renew his See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on Palestine.

The See also:

CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of 219 and 218 carried the Seleucid arms almost to the confines of See also:

EGYPT

Egypt, but in 217 See also:

PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy IV. confronted Antiochus at Raphia and inflicted a defeat upon him which nullified all Antiochus's successes and compelled him to withdraw See also:

north of the See also:

Lebanon. In 216 Antiochus went north to See also:

DEAL

deal with Achaeus, and had by 214 driven him from the See also:

field into See also:

SARDIS

Sardis. Antiochus contrived to get See also:

possession of the person of Achaeus (see See also:

POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

POLYBIUS), but the citadel held out till 213 under Achaeus's widow and then surrendered. Having thus recovered the central See also:

PART

part of Asia Minor—for the dynasties in See also:

PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

Pergamum, See also:

BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia and See also:

CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia the Seleucid See also:

government was obliged to tolerate—Antiochus turned to recover the outlying provinces of the north and east. See also:

XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

Xerxes of See also:

ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia was brought to acknowledge his supremacy in 212. In 209 Antiochus invaded Parthia, occupied the See also:

capital Hecatompylus and pushed forward into See also:

HYRCANIA

Hyrcania. The See also:

PARTHIAN

Parthian king was apparently granted See also:

peace on his submission. In 209 Antiochus was in Bactria, where the See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel had been supplanted by another Greek See also:

EUTHYDEMUS

Euthydemus (see further BACTRIA and articles on the See also:

SEPARATE

separate rulers). The issue was again favourable to Antiochus. After sustaining a famous See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in his capital Bactra (See also:

BALKH

Balkh), Euthydemus obtained an See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour-able peace by which the See also:

hand of one of Antiochus's daughters was promised to his son See also:

DEMETRIUS

Demetrius. Antiochus next, following in the steps of Alexander, crossed into the See also:

KABUL

Kabul valley, received the See also:

HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage of the See also:

INDIAN

Indian king Sophagasenus and returned See also:

west by way of See also:

SEISTAN, or SISTAN (SEJISTAN)

Seistan and See also:

Kerman (206/5). From See also:

SELEUCIA (Gr. EeXeimeta)

Seleucia on the See also:

TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris he led a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short expedition down the See also:

Persian Gulf against the Gerrhaeans of the Arabian See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast (205/4).

Antiochus seemed to have restored the Seleucid See also:

EMPIRE

empire in the east, and the achievement brought him the title of " the Great King." In 205/4 the See also:

INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant Ptolemy V. Epiphanes succeeded to the See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

THRONE

throne, and Antiochus concluded a See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret pact with See also:

Philip of See also:

MACEDONIA

Macedonia for the See also:

PARTITION

partition of the Ptolemaic possessions. Once more Antiochus attacked Palestine, and by 199 he seems to have had possession of it. It was, however, recovered for Ptolemy by the Aetolian See also:

SCOPAS

Scopas. But the recovery was brief, for in 198 Scopas was defeated by Antiochus at the See also:

BATTLE

battle of the Panium, near the See also:

SOURCES

sources of the See also:

Jordan, a battle which marks the end of Ptolemaic See also:

RULE

rule in Palestine. In 197 Antiochus moved to Asia Minor to secure the coast towns which had acknowledged Ptolemy and the See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent Greek cities. It was this enterprise which brought him into antagonism with See also:

Rome, since See also:

SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna and See also:

LAMPSACUS

Lampsacus appealed to the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of the west, and the tension became greater after Antiochus had in 196 established a footing in See also:

THRACE

Thrace. The evacuation of See also:

GREECE

Greece by the See also:

Romans gave Antiochus his opportunity, and he now had the fugitive See also:

Hannibal at his See also:

court to urge him on. In 192 Antiochus invaded Greece, having the Aetolians and other Greek states as his See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies. In 191, however, he was routed at See also:

THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae by the Romans under Manius Acilius See also:

GLABRIO

Glabrio, and obliged to withdraw to Asia. But the Romans followed up their success by attacking Antiochus in Asia Minor, and the decisive victory of L. See also:

Cornelius Scipio at See also:

MAGNESIA

Magnesia ad Sipylum (190), following on the defeat of Hannibal at See also:

sea off See also:

Side, gave Asia Minor into their hands.

By the peace of See also:

APAMEA

Apamea (188) the Seleucid king abandoned all the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country north of the See also:

TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus, which was distributed among the See also:

friends of Rome. As a consequence of this See also:

BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the Seleucid power, the outlying provinces of the empire, recovered by Antiochus, reasserted their independence. Antiochus perished in a fresh expedition to the east in Luristan (187). The Seleucid kingdom as Antiochus See also:

LEFT

left it to his son, SELEUCUS IV. PHILOPATOR (reigned 187-176), consisted of Syria (now including See also:

CILICIA

Cilicia and Palestine), See also:

MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Nearer See also:

IRAN

Iran (Media and Persis). Seleucus IV. was compelled by See also:

FINANCIAL

financial necessities, created in part by the heavy See also:

war-See also:

INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity exacted by Rome, to pursue an unambitious policy, and was assassinated by his minister See also:

HELIODORUS

Heliodorus. The true See also:

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, Demetrius, son of Seleucus, being now retained in Rome as a See also:

HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, modern otage, from Late Lat. obsidaticum, the state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)

hostage, the kingdom was seized by the younger See also:

BROTHER

brother of Seleucus, ANTIOCHUS IV. EPIPHANES (i.e. " the See also:

MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

Manifest [See also:

god]"; parodied Epimanes, " the mad "), who reigned 176-164. In 170 Egypt, governed by regents for the boy Ptolemy Philometor, attempted to reconquer Palestine; Antiochus not only defeated this attempt but invaded and occupied Egypt. He failed to take See also:

Alexandria, where the See also:

PEOPLE

people set up the younger brother of Philometor, Ptolemy Eurgetes, as king, but he left Philometor as his ally installed at See also:

MEMPHIS

Memphis. When the two brothers combined, Antiochus again invaded Egypt (168), but was compelled to retire by the See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy C.

Popillius See also:

LAENAS

Laenas (See also:

consul 172), after the historic See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene in which the Roman See also:

drew a circle in the See also:

sand about the king and demanded his See also:

ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer before he stepped out of it. Antiochus exercised his contemporaries by the See also:

RIDDLES (A.S. raedan, to interpret)

riddles of his See also:

HALF

half-brilliant, half-crazy See also:

PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality. He had resided at Rome as a hostage, and afterwards for his See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure at See also:

Athens, and had brought to his kingdom an admiration for republican institutions and an See also:

ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for Hellenic culture—or, at any See also:

RATE

rate, for its externals. There is See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that the forms of Greek See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

LIFE

life were more fully adopted under his sway by many of the Syrian cities. He spent lavishly on public buildings at See also:

home and in the older centres of See also:

Hellenism, like Athens. Gorgeous display and theatrical pomp were his delight. At the same See also:

time he scandalized the See also:

WORLD

world by his riotous living and undignified familiarities. But he could persevere in an astute policy under the See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover of an easy geniality and had no scruples. It is his contact with the See also:

Jews which has chiefly interested later ages, and he is doubtless the monarch described in the pseudo-prophetic chapters of See also:

Daniel (q.v.). See also:

Jerusalem, near the Egyptian frontier, was an important point, and in one of its See also:

INTERNAL

internal revolutions Antiochus saw, perhaps not without See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, a defection to the Egyptian side. His chastisement of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, including as it did the spoliation of the See also:

temple, served the additional purpose of relieving his financial necessities. It was a measure of a very different See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind when, a See also:

YEAR

year or two later (after 168), Antiochus tried to suppress the practices of Judaism by force, and it wasthis which provoked the Maccabaean rebellion (see See also:

MACCABEES) .

In 166 Antiochus left Syria to attempt the reconquest of the further provinces. He seems to have been signally. successful. Armenia returned to See also:

ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance, the capital of Media was re-colonized as Epiphanea, and Antiochus was pursuing his plans in the east when he died at Tabaein Persis, after exhibiting some sort of See also:

MENTAL

mental derangement (See also:

winter 164/3). He left a son of nine years, ANTIOCHUS V. EUPATOR (reigned 164-162), in whose name the kingdom was administered by a camarilla. Their government was feeble and corrupt. The attempt to check the Jewish rebellion ended in a weak See also:

COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise. Their subservience to Rome so enraged the Greek cities of Syria that the Roman envoy Graeus Octavius (consul 165 B.e.) was assassinated in See also:

Laodicea (162). At this juncture Demetrius, the son of Seleucus IV., escaped from Rome and was received in Syria as the true king. Antiochus Eupator was put to See also:

DEATH

death. DEMETRIUS I. See also:

SOTER

SOTER (reigned 162-150) was a strong and ambitious ruler.

He crushed the rebellion of Timarchus in Media and reduced See also:

JUDAEA

Judaea to new subjection. But he was unpopular at See also:

ANTIOCH

Antioch, and See also:

fell before a See also:

COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of the three See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Egypt, Pergamum and Cappadocia. An impostor, who claimed to be a son of Antiochus Epiphanes, ALEXANDER B ALAS (reigned 150-145), was installed as king by Ptolemy Philometor and given Ptolemy's daughter See also:

CLEOPATRA

Cleopatra to wife, but Alexander proved to be dissolute and incapable, and when Demetrius, the son of Demetrius I., was brought back to Syria by Cretan condottieri, Ptolemy transferred his support and Cleopatra to the rightful heir. Alexander was defeated by Ptolemy at the battle of the Oenoparas near Antioch and murdered during his See also:

FLIGHT

flight. Ptolemy himself died of the See also:

WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound he had received in the battle.

End of Article: ANTIOCHUS III

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