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LABOUR See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
CHURCH, THE , an organization intended to give expression to the See also:religion of the labour See also:movement. This religion is not theological—it leaves theological questions to private individual conviction—but " seeks the realization of universal well-being by the See also:establishment of See also:Socialism—a See also:commonwealth founded upon See also:justice and love." It asserts that " improvement of social conditions and the development of See also:personal See also:character are both essential to emancipation from social and moral bondage, and to that end insists upon the See also:duty of studying the economic and moral forces of society." The first Labour Church was founded at See also:Manchester (See also:England) in See also:October 1891 by a Unitarian See also:minister, See also:John Trevor. This has disappeared, but vigorous successors have been established not only in the neighbourhood, but in See also:Bradford, See also:Birmingham, See also:Nottingham, See also:London, See also:Wolverhampton and other centres of See also:industry, about 30 in all, with a membership of 3000. Many branches of the See also:Independent Labour Party and the Social Democratic Federation also hold See also:Sunday gatherings for adults and See also:children, using the Labour Church hymn-See also:book and a similar See also:form of service, the See also:reading being chosen from Dr See also:Stanton Coit's See also:Message of See also:Man. There are See also:special forms for See also:child-naming, marriages and burials. The See also:separate churches are federated in a Labour Church See also:Union, which holds an See also:annual See also:conference and business See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting in See also:March. At the conference of 1909, held in See also:Ashton-under-Lyne, the name " Labour Church " was changed to " Socialist Church."
LA BOURDONNAIS, See also:BERTRAND FRANCCOIS, See also:COUNT See also:MAHE DE (1699–1753), See also:French See also:naval See also:commander, was See also:born at See also:Saint Maio on the irth of See also:February 1699. He went to See also:sea when a boy, and in 1718 entered the service of the French See also:India See also:Company as a See also:lieutenant. In 1724 he was promoted See also:captain, and displayed such bravery in the See also:capture of Mahe of the See also:Malabar See also:coast that the name of the See also:town was added to his own. For two years he was in the service of the Portuguese See also:viceroy of See also:Goa, but in 1735 he returned to French service as See also:governor of the Ile de See also:France and the Ile de See also:Bourbon. His five years' See also:administration of the islands was vigorous and successful. A visit to France in 1740 was interrupted by the outbreak of hostilities with See also:Great See also:Britain, and La Bourdonnais was put at the See also:head of a See also:fleet in See also:Indian See also:waters. He saved Mahe, relieved See also:General See also:Dupleix at See also:Pondicherry, defeated See also:Lord Peyton, and in 1746 participated in the See also:siege of See also:Madras. He quarrelled with Dupleix over the conduct of affairs in India, and his anger was increased on his return to the Ile de France at finding a successor to himself installed there by his See also:rival. He set See also:sail on a Dutch See also:vessel to See also:present his See also:case at See also:court, and was captured by the See also:British, but allowed to return to France on See also:parole. Instead of securing a See also:settlement of his See also:quarrel with Dupleix, he was arrested (1748) on a See also:charge of gubernatorial peculation and maladministration, and secretly imprisoned for over two years in the See also:Bastille. He was tried in 1751 and acquitted, but his See also:health was broken by the imprisonment and by chagrin at the loss of his See also:property. To the last he made unjust accusations against Dupleix. He died at See also:Paris on the loth of See also:November 1753. The French See also:government gave his widow a See also:pension of 2400 livres.
La Bourdonnais wrote Traite de la mature See also:des vaisseaux (Paris 1723), and See also:left valuable See also:memoirs which were published by his See also:grandson, a celebrated See also:chess player, Count L. C. Mahe de la Bourdonnais (1795–1840) (latest edition, Paris, 189o). His quarrel with Dupleix has given rise to much debate; for a See also:long while the See also:fault was generally laid to the arrogance and See also:jealousy of Dupleix, but W. See also:Cartwright and See also:Colonel See also:Malleson have pointed out that La Bourdonnais was proud, suspicious and over-ambitious.
See P. de Gennes, Memoirs pour le sieur de la Bourdonnais, avec See also:les pieces justificatives (Paris, 1750) ; The Case of _Aide la Bourdonnais, in a See also:Letter to a Friend (London, 1748) ; Fantin des Odoards, Revolutions de l'Inde (Paris, 1796) ; See also:Collin de See also:Bar, Histoire de l'Inde ancienne et moderne (Paris, 1814) ; Barchou de Penhoen, Histoire de la conquete et de la fondation de l'See also:empire anglais clans l'Inde (Paris, 1840) ; Margry, " Les Isles de France et de Bourbon sous le gouvernement de La Bourdonnais," in La Revue maritime et coloniale (1862) ; W. Cartwright, " Dupleix et 1'Inde frangaise," in LaRevue britannique (1882); G. B. Malleson, Dupleix (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1895); Anandaranga Pillai, Les See also:Francais clans l'Inde, Dupleix et Labourdonnais, extracts du See also:journal a'Anandaran-gappoulle 1736-1748, trans. in French by Vinsor in Ecole speciale des langues orientales vivantes, See also:series 3, vol. xv. (Paris, 1894).
End of Article: LABOUR CHURCH, THE
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