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AMERICAN MINERAL WATERS

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Originally appearing in Volume V18, Page 522 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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AMERICAN See also:MINERAL See also:WATERS .—The number of springs in the See also:United States and See also:Canada to which public See also:attention has been called on See also:account of their supposed therapeutic virtues is very large, amounting in all to more than three See also:hundred. Of this number comparatively few are in Canada, and of these not more than six (St Catharines, See also:Caledonia, Piantagenet, See also:Caxton, See also:Charlottesville and See also:Sandwich) have attained See also:general celebrity. The first three belong to the saline class, the Caxton is alkaline-saline, and the last two are See also:sulphur waters. The St Catharines is remarkable for the very large amounts of See also:sodium, See also:calcium and See also:magnesium chlorides which it contains, its See also:total salts (450 grains in the See also:pint) being more than three times the quantity contained in the brine-See also:baths of See also:Kreuznach in See also:Prussia. The Charlottesville and Sandwich springs likewise surpass the noted sulphur-waters of See also:Europe in their excessive percentages of sulphuretted See also:hydrogen, the former containing more than 3 and the latter 4.72 cub. in. of this See also:gas in the pint. The mineral springs in the United States are very unequally distributed, by far the larger number of those which are in high medical repute occurring along the Appalachian See also:chain of mountains, and more especially on or near this chain where it passes through the States of See also:Virginia, See also:West Virginia and New See also:York. The Devonian and See also:Silurian formations which overlie the Eozoic rocks along the course of the Appalachian chain have been greatly fissured—the faulting of the strata being in some places of enormous magnitude —by the See also:series of upheavals which gave rise to the many parallel See also:mountain ridges of the Appalachians. In many places the springs occur directly along the lines of See also:fault. The various classes of mineral waters are likewise very unequally represented, the alkaline springs, and those containing See also:Glauber and See also:Epsom salts, being much inferior to their See also:European representatives. On the other See also:hand, the very numerous and abundant springs of See also:Saratoga compare very favourably with the Selters and similar saline waters, and among the many American chalybeate springs the subclass represented by the Rockbridge See also:Alum Is unequalled in regard to the very large percentages of alumina and sulphuric See also:acid which it contains. Besides its greater amount of mineral constituents (135 grains per pint), the Ballston See also:spring surpasses the similar saline waters of Homburg, See also:Kissingen, See also:Wiesbaden and Selters, in its percentage of carbonic acid (53 cub. in.). It is also remarkable for the very large proportion of carbonate of lithia, amounting to o•701 grains.

Thermal springs are specially numerous in the territories west of the See also:

Mississippi and in See also:California. Those in the See also:east mostly occur in Virginia along the See also:southern portion of the Appalachian chain; in the See also:middle and New See also:England States See also:Lebanon is the only important thermal spring. Subjoined is a See also:list of See also:thirty American springs, the See also:design being to represent as many of the more noted spas as possible, while at the same See also:time enumerating the best representatives of the classes and subclasses into which mineral waters are divided according to the See also:German method of See also:classification. (2) See also:French: Dictionnaire See also:des eaux minerales, &c., by MM. See also:Durand-Fardel, &c. (2 vols., See also:Paris, 186o) ; J. Lefort, Traite de chemie hydrolologique (2nd ed., Paris, 1873) ; C. See also:James, See also:Guide pratique aux eaux minerales (Paris), many See also:editions; See also:Mace, Guide aux vales d'eaux, &c. (Paris, 1881); Joanne and Le Pileur, See also:Les Bains d'Europe (Paris). (3) Swiss: See also:Meyer See also:Ahrens, Heilquellen der Schweitz (See also:Zurich, 1867); Gsell Fels, See also:Die Bader and Kurorte der Schweitz (Zurich, 188o). (4) See also:Italian: G. Jervis, Guide alle acque minerali d'Italia (See also:Turin, 1876, &c.) ; E.

F. See also:

Harless, Die Heilquellen and Kurbdder Italiens (See also:Berlin, 1848). (5) See also:Spanish: Rubio, Tratado de See also:las fuentes miner-See also:ales de Espana (See also:Madrid, 1853); See also:Don J. de Antelo y See also:Sanchez has recently published a See also:work on Spanish waters. (6) See also:English: T. See also:Short, See also:History of the Mineral Waters (See also:London, 1734) ; J. Rutty, Methodical Synopsis of Mineral Waters (London, 1757) ; See also:Granville, Spas of England (1841) ; E. See also:Lee, Mineral Springs of England (London, 1841) ; J. See also:Macpherson, Our Baths and See also:Wells (1871) ; id., Baths and Wells of Europe (1873); and H. See also:Weber's Eng. ed. of Braun (London, 1875). See also:great portion of the literature is to be found in monographs on particular places. (7) American: J. See also:Bell, The Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United States and Canada (1855); J.

J. Moorman, The Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada (1867) ; C. F. See also:

Chandler, Lecture on See also:Water (1871); G. E. See also:Walton, The Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada (1875) ; I. See also:Burney Yeo, The See also:Therapeutics of Mineral Springs (1904).

End of Article: AMERICAN MINERAL WATERS

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