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AUGUSTINIAN CANONS , a religious See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order in the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, called also See also:Austin Canons, Canons See also:Regular, and in See also:England See also:Black Canons, because their See also:cassock and See also:mantle were black, though they wore a See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:surplice : elsewhere the See also:colour of the See also:habit varied considerably.
The canons regular (see See also:CANON) See also:grew out of the earlier See also:institute of canonical See also:life, in consequence of the urgent exhortations of the Lateran See also:Synod of 1059. The See also:clergy of some cathedrals (in England, See also:Carlisle), and of a See also:great number of collegiate churches all over western See also:Europe, responded to the See also:appeal; and the need of a See also:rule of life suited to the new regime produced, towards the end ,of the 11th See also:century, the so-called Rule of St See also:Augustine (see UGTSTINIANS). This Rule was widely adopted by the canons re See also:lar, who also began to bind themselves by the vows of poverty, obedience and chastity. In the 12th century this discipline became universal among them; and so arose the order of Augustinian canons as a religious. order in the strict sense of the word. They resembled the monks in so far as they lived in community and took religious vows; but their See also:state of life remained essentially clerical, and as clerics their See also:duty was to undertake the See also:pastoral care and serve the See also:parish churches in their patronage. They were See also:bound to the choral celebration of the divine See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, and in its See also:general See also:tenor their manner of life differed little from that of monks.
Their houses, at first without bonds between them, soon tended to draw together and coalesce into congregations with corporate organization and codes of constitutions supplementary to the Rule. The popes encouraged these centralizing tendencies; and in 1339 See also:Benedict XII. organized the Augustinian canons on the same general lines as those laid down for the See also:Benedictines, by a See also:system of provincial chapters and visitations. -
Some See also:thirty congregations of canons regular of St Augustine are numbered. The most important were: (I) the Lateran canons, formed soon after the synod of 1059, by the clergy of the Lateran See also:Basilica; (2) See also:Congregation of St See also:Victor in See also:Paris, c. IIoo, remarkable for the theological and mystical school of See also:Hugh, See also:Richard and See also:Adam of St Victor; (3) Gilbertines (see See also:- GILBERT
- GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
- GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
- GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
- GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
- GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
- GILBERT, J
- GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
- GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
- GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
- GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
- GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
- GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )
GILBERT OF SEMPRINGIIAM, ST); (4) Windesheim Congregation, c. 1400, in the See also:Netherlands and over See also:north and central See also:Germany (see See also:GROOT, See also:GERHARD), to which belonged See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas a Kempis; (5) Congregation of Ste See also:Genevieve in Paris, a reform c. 163o. During the later See also:middle ages the houses of these various congregations of canons regular spread all over Europe and became extraordinarily numerous. They underwent the natural and inevitable vicissitudes of all orders, having their periods of depression and degeneracy, and again of revival and reform. The See also:book of Johann See also:Busch, himself a canon of Windesheim, 'Di Reformatione monasteriorum, shows that in the 15th century See also:grave relaxation had crept into many monasteries of Augustinian canons in north Germany, and the efforts at reform were only partialiy successful. The See also:Reformation, the religious See also:wars and the Revolution have swept away nearly all the canons regular, but some of their houses in See also:Austria still exist in their See also:medieval splendour. In England there were as many as 200 houses of Augustinian canons, and 6o of them were among the " greater monasteries " suppressed in 1538–1540 (for See also:list see Tables in
F. A. Gasquet's See also:English Monastic Life). The first See also:foundation was See also:Holy Trinity, Aldgate, by See also:Queen Maud, in r1o8; Carlisle was an English See also:cathedral of Augustinian canons. In See also:Ireland the order was even more numerous, See also:Christ Church, See also:Dublin, being one of their houses. Three houses of the Lateran canons were established in England towards the See also:close of the 19th century. Most of the congregations of Augustinian canons had convents of nuns, called canonesses; many such exist to this See also:day.
See the See also:works of See also:Amort and Du See also:Molinet, mentioned under CANON. Vol. ii. of See also:Helyot's Hist. See also:des ordres religieux (1792) is devoted to canons regular of all kinds. The See also:information is epitomized by Max Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen, i. (1896), §§ 54-6o, where copious references to the literature of the subject are sup-plied. See also See also:Otto Zockler, Askese and Monchtum, ii. (1897), p.422 ; and Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon (and ed.), See also:art. " Canonici Regulares " and " Canonissae." For England see J. W. See also:Clark, Observances in use at the Augustinian Priory at Barnwell (1897); and an See also:article in See also:Journal of Theological Studies (v.) by See also:Scott See also:Holmes. (E. C.
End of Article: AUGUSTINIAN CANONS
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