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BIDDLE, JOHN (1615-1662)

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Originally appearing in Volume V03, Page 919 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BIDDLE, See also:JOHN (1615-1662) , frequently called the See also:father of See also:English See also:Unitarianism, was See also:born on the 14th of See also:January 1615, at See also:Wotton-under-Edge, in See also:Gloucestershire. He was educated at the See also:grammar school of his native See also:town and at Magdalen See also:Hall, See also:Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1638 and proceeded M.A. in 1641, and was then appointed to the mastership of the See also:free school in the See also:city of See also:Gloucester, where " he was much esteemed for his See also:diligence in his profession, serenity of See also:manners and sanctity of See also:life." He also diligently prosecuted theological studies, and the results he arrived at were of such a nature as to draw down upon him the reprobation of the civic authorities. A treacherous friend obtained the See also:manuscript of his Twelve Arguments See also:drawn out of Scripture, wherein the commonly received See also:opinion touching the deity of the See also:Holy Spirit is clearly and fully refuted; and in See also:December 1645 he was summoned before the See also:parliamentary See also:committee then sitting at Gloucester. By them he was committed to See also:prison, though he was at the See also:time labouring under a dangerous See also:fever. He was released on See also:bail after a See also:short imprisonment, but was in See also:July 1647 called before See also:parliament, which desired to inquire into his views. After tedious proceedings, during which See also:Sir See also:Henry See also:Vane befriended him, Biddle was committed to custody and his Twelve Arguments, which he had now published, was ordered by parliament to be seized and burned by the hangman. Notwithstanding this and the See also:ordinance of the 2nd of May 1648, visiting denial of the See also:doctrine of the Trinity with See also:death, Biddle issued two tracts, one a See also:Confession of Faith touching the Holy Trinity, and the other The Testimonies of See also:Irenaeus, concerning the one See also:God and the Persons of the Trinity (1648). These were suppressed by See also:government, and the See also:Westminster See also:assembly of divines eagerly pressed for the passing of an See also:act by which heretics like Biddle could be put to death. This, however, was resisted by the See also:army, and by many of the See also:Independent parliamentarians; and after the death of the See also:king, Biddle was allowed to reside in See also:Staffordshire under surveillance. He engaged in See also:preaching and in See also:literary See also:work, particularly an edition of the See also:Septuagint, published by See also:Roger See also:Daniel. In See also:February 1652 the See also:general act of oblivion gave him See also:complete freedom, and his adherents soon began to meet regularly for See also:worship on Sundays.

They were called Biddellians, or Socinians, or Unitarians, the name which has now become associated with their opinions. Biddle was not See also:

left See also:long in See also:peace. He translated some Socinian books, among others the Life of See also:Socinus, and published two catechisms which excited a fury of indignation. He was summoned before the parliament in December 16 J4 and imprisoned. The See also:dissolution of that See also:body again set him at See also:liberty for a short time, but he was presently brought up for some expressions used by him in a discussion with John See also:Griffin, an illiterate Baptist pastor, who invoked the See also:law against his See also:superior opponent. He was put upon trial, and was only rescued by See also:Cromwell, who sent him (See also:October 1655) out of the way to one of the Scilly Islands, allowed him See also:loo crowns a See also:year, and in 1658, on the solicitation of many See also:friends, released him. For a few years he lived and taught quietly in the See also:country, but returning to See also:London he was in See also:June 1662 again arrested, and fined £loo. As he was unable to pay this sum, he was at once committed to prison, where fever, caused by the pestilential See also:atmosphere, carried him off on the 22nd of See also:September 1662.

End of Article: BIDDLE, JOHN (1615-1662)

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