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See also:CLEMENT VII . (Giulio de' See also:Medici), See also:pope from 1523 to 1534, was the son of Giuliano de' Medici, assassinated in the See also:conspiracy of the Pazzi at See also:Florence, and of a certain Fioretta, daughter of Antonia. Being See also:left an See also:orphan he was taken into his own See also:house by Lorenzo the Magnificent and educated with his sons. In 1494 Giulio went with them into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile; but, on Giovanni's restoration to See also:power, returned to Florence, of which he was made See also:archbishop by his See also:cousin Pope See also:Leo X., a See also:special See also:dispensation being granted on See also:account of his illegitimate See also:birth, followed by a formal See also:declaration of the fact that his parents had been secretly married and that he was therefore legitimate. On the 23rd of See also:September 1513 the pope conferred on him the See also:title of See also:cardinal and made him See also:legate at See also:Bologna. During the reign of the See also:pleasure-loving Leo, Cardinal Giulio had practically the whole papal See also:government in his hands and displayed all the qualities of a See also:good See also:administrator; and when, on the See also:death of See also:Adrian VI. —whose See also:election he had done most to secure—he was chosen pope (Nov. 18, 1523), his See also:accession was hailed as the See also:dawn of a happier era. It soon became clear, however, that the qualities which had made Clement an excellent second in command were not equal to the exigencies of supreme power at a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of See also:peculiar peril and difficulty.
Though See also:free from the grosser vices of his predecessors, a See also:man of See also:taste, and economical without being avaricious, Clement VII. was essentially a man of narrow outlook and interests. He failed to understand the See also:great spiritual See also:movement which was convulsing the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church; and instead of bending his mind to the problem of the See also:Reformation, he from the first subordinated the cause of Catholicism and of the See also:world to his interests as an See also:Italian See also:prince and a Medici. Even in these purely See also:secular affairs, moreover, his timidity and indecision prevented him from pursuing a consistent policy; and his See also:ill See also:fortune, or his lack of See also:judgment, placed him, as See also:long as he had the power of choice, ever on the losing See also:side.
Clement's accession at once brought about a See also:political See also:change in favour of See also:France; yet he was unable to take a strong See also:line, and wavered between the See also:emperor and See also:Francis I., concluding a treaty of See also:alliance with the See also:French See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, and then, when the crushing defeat of See also:Pavia had shown him his See also:mistake, making his See also:peace with See also:Charles (See also:April 1, 1525), only to break it again by countenancing See also:Girolamo See also:Morone's See also:League of Freedom, of which the aim was to assert the See also:independence of See also:Italy from See also:foreign See also:powers. On the betrayal of this conspiracy Clement made a fresh submission to the emperor, only to follow this, a See also:year later, by the See also:Holy League of See also:Cognac with Francis I. (May 22, 1526). Then followed the imperial invasion of Italy and See also:Bourbon's See also:sack of See also:Rome (May 1527) which ended the Augustan See also:age of the papal See also:city in a horror of See also:fire and See also:blood. The pope himself was besieged in the See also:castle of St Angelo, compelled on the 6th of See also:June to See also:ransom himself with a See also:payment of 400,000 scudi, and kept in confinement until, on the 26th of See also:November, he accepted the emperor's terms, which besides See also:money payments included the promise to convene a See also:general See also:council to See also:deal with Lutheranism. On the 6th of See also:December Clement escaped, before the See also:day fixed for his liberation, to See also:Orvieto, and at once set to See also:work to establish peace. After the See also:signature of the treaty of See also:Cambrai on the 3rd of See also:August 1529 Charles met Clement at Bologna and received from him the imperial See also:crown and the See also:iron crown of See also:Lombardy. The pope was now restored to the greater See also:part of his temporal power; but for some years it was exercised in subservience to the emperor. During this See also:period Clement was mainly occupied in urging Charles to See also:arrest the progress of the Reformation in See also:Germany and in efforts to elude the emperor's demand for a general council, which Clement feared lest the question of the mode of his election and his See also:legitimacy should be raised. It was due to his dependence on Charles V., rather than to any conscientious scruples, that Clement evaded See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry VIII.'s demand for the See also:nullification of his See also:marriage with See also:Catherine of See also:Aragon, and so brought about'the See also:breach between See also:England and Rome. Some time before his death, however, the dynastic interests of his See also:family led him once mcre to a rapprochement with France. On the 9th of June 1531 an agreement was
signed for the marriage of Henry of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans with Catherine de' Medici; but it was not till See also:October 1533 that Clement met Francis at See also:Marseilles, the See also:wedding being celebrated on the 27th. Before, however, the new political alliance, thus cemented, could take effect, Clement died, on the 25th of September 1534.
See E. Casanova, Lettere di Carlo V. a Clemente VII. (Florence, 1893) ; See also:Hugo Lammer, Monumenta Vaticana, &c. (See also:Freiburg, 1861) ; P. Balan, Monumenta saeculi X VI. hist. illastr. (See also:Innsbruck, 1885) ; ib. Mon. Reform. See also:Luther (See also:Regensburg, 1884) ; Stefan Ehses, Rom. Dokum. z. Gesch. der Ehescheidung Heinrichs VIII. (See also:Paderborn, 1893) ; See also:Calendar of See also:State Papers (See also:London, 1869, &c.) ; J. J. I. von Dellinger, Beitrage zur politischen, kirchlichen and Kulturgeschichte (3 vols., See also:Vienna, 1882); F. See also:Guicciardini, Istoria d'Italia; L. von See also:Ranke, See also:Die romischen Papste in den letzten vier Jahrhunderten, and Deutsche Gesch. See also:im Zeitalter der Reformation; W. Hellwig, Die politischen Beziehungen Clement's VII. zu Karl V., 1526 (See also:Leipzig, 1889) ; H. See also:Baumgarten, Gesch. Karls V. (See also:Stuttgart, 1888) ; F. See also:Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vol. viii. p. 414 (2nd ed., 1874) ; P. Balan, Clemente VII. e l' Italia de' suoi tempi (See also:Milan, 1887) ; E. See also:Armstrong, Charles the Fifth (2 vols., London, 1902) ; M. See also:Creighton, Hist. of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation (London, 1882); and H. M. See also:Vaughan, The Medici Popes (1908). Further references will be found in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, s. Clemens VII. See also See also:Cambridge See also:Modern See also:History, vol. ii. See also:chap. i. and bibliography. (W. A.
End of Article: CLEMENT VII
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