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See also:DUVENECK, See also:FRANK (1848– ) , See also:American figure and portrait painter, was See also:born at See also:Covington, See also:Kentucky, on the 9th of See also:October 1848. He was a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:Diez in the Royal See also:Academy of See also:Munich, and a prominent member of the See also:group of Americans who in the 'seventies overturned the traditions of the See also:Hudson See also:River School and started a new See also:art See also:movement. His See also:work shown in See also:Boston and elsewhere about 1875 attracted See also:great See also:attention,
' Translated into See also:English by See also:Andrew Comt in 1622 as A Buckler against Adversitie.
DU VERGIER DE HAURANNE, See also:JEAN (1581–1643), See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot of St Cyran, See also:father of the Jansenist revival in See also:France, was born of wealthy parents at See also:Bayonne in 1581, and studied See also:theology at the Flemish university of See also:Louvain. After taking See also:holy orders he settled in See also:Paris, where he became known as a mine of See also:miscellaneous erudition. In 1609 he distinguished himself by his Question royale, an elaborate See also:answer to a problem casually thrown out by See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV. as to the exact circumstances under which a subject ought to give his See also:life for his See also:sovereign. His learning was presently diverted into a more profitable channel. The Louvain of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was the See also:scene of many conflicts between the Jesuit party, which stood for See also:scholasticism and See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church-authority, and the followers of See also:Michael See also:Baius (q.v.), who upheld the See also:mysticism . of St See also:Augustine. Into this controversy Du Vergier was presently dragged by his friendship with See also:Cornelius See also:Jansen, a See also:young See also:champion of the Augustinian party, who had come to Paris to study See also:Greek. The two divines went off together to Du Vergier's See also:home at Bayonne, where he became a See also:canon of the See also:cathedral, and Jansen a See also:tutor in the See also:bishop's See also:seminary. Here they remained some years, intently studying the fathers. Eventually, however, Jansen went back to Louvain, while Du Vergier became confidential secretary to the bishop of See also:Poitiers, and was presently made See also:sinecure abbot of St Cyran. Thereafter he was generally called M. de St Cyran. At Poitiers he was brought into contact with See also:Richelieu —as yet unknown to See also:political fame, and simply the zealous young bishop of the neighbouring See also:diocese of Lucon. Western See also:Touraine being the headquarters of See also:French Protestantism, the two prelates turned St Cyran's learning against the See also:Huguenots. He began to See also:dream of reforming Catholicism on Augustinian lines, and thus defeating the Protestants by their own weapons. They appealed to See also:primitive antiquity; he answered that his Church understood antiquity better than theirs. They appealed to the spirit of St See also:Paul; he answered that Augustine had saved that spirit from etherealizing away, by coupling it with a high sacra-See also:mental theory of the Church. They flung See also:practical abuses in the See also:teeth of See also:Rome; he entered on a bold See also:campaign to bring those abuses to an end. Before See also:long, his reforming zeal involved him in many quarrels—so much so that he See also:left Poitiers and settled down in Paris. Here he became widely known as a director of consciences, forming a particular friendship with the influential See also:Arnauld See also:family. But his See also:general projects of reform were by no means allowed to See also:sleep, though here he worked See also:hand in hand with his old friend Jansen. Both traced the evils of their time to the See also:Jesuits and Schoolmen. Their See also:dialectic had corrupted theology; their hand-to-mouth See also:utilitarianism had played havoc with traditional church-institutions. Accordingly, Jansen set to work to remedy one evil by See also:writing a big See also:book on St Augustine, the great See also:master of theological method. St Cyran dealt with the other evil in an equally bulky See also:treatise, the Pants Aurelius (1633). This indicts the Jesuits for every sort and See also:kind of See also:misdemeanour. It deals much with what See also:Pascal will presently See also:call their devotion aisee; but still more with crimes of a technical sort, especially their See also:defiance of episcopal authority. Thereby the book gained for its author's projects of reform a great See also:deal of Gallican support. On the other hand, it gave much annoyance to Richelieu, now the all-powerful and extremely Erastian See also:prime See also:minister. After failing more than once to stop St Cyran's mouth with a bishopric, he had him arrested as a disturber of ecclesiastical See also:peace (14th of See also:March 1638). He remained shut up in the See also:castle of See also:Vincennes until Richelieu's See also:death (See also:December 1642). Then he was at once set See also:free; but the long imprisonment had told heavily on his See also:health, and he died of a stroke of See also:apoplexy in October 1643.
St Cyran's See also:character has been always something of a See also:puzzle. Many excellent contemporary See also:judges were profoundly impressed; others, as one of them said, went away bewildered by this See also:strange See also:abbe, who never argued a question out, but leapt from
one point to another in broken, incoherent phrases. See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
Grace of expression, he had none; perhaps no See also:man of equal spiritual insight ever found it so hard to make his meaning clear, whether on See also:paper or by word of mouth. On the other hand, See also:Jansenism, considered as a practical religious revival, is altogether his work. He dragged the Augustinian mysticism out of the Louvain class-rooms, and made it a vital spiritual force in France. Without him there would have been no Pascal—no Provincial Letters, and no Pensees.
There is an excellent life of St Cyran by his secretary, See also:Claude See also:Lancelot, published at See also:Cologne in two volumes, 1938. A selection of his Lettres chrestiennes was edited by his See also:disciple, See also:Robert Arnauld d'Andilly (Paris, 1645). An entirely different collection of Lettres spirituelles was printed at Cologne in 1744.
End of Article: DUVENECK, FRANK (1848– )
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