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See also:STUYVESANT, See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
PETER (1592-1672) , Dutch colonial See also:governor, was See also:born in Scherpenzeel, in See also:southern See also:Friesland, in 1592, the son of a See also:minister. He studied at See also:Franeker, entered the military service in the See also:West Indies about 1625, and was director of the West See also:India See also:Company's See also:colony of See also:Curacao from 1634 to 1644. In See also:April 1644 he attacked the Portuguese See also:island of See also:Saint See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin and was wounded; he had to return to See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, and there one of his legs was amputated. Thereafter he wore a wooden See also:leg ornamented with See also:silver bands. In May 1645 he was selected by the West India Company to supersede See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Kieft as director of New Netherland. He arrived in New See also:Amsterdam (later New See also:York) on the 11th of May 1647, and was received with See also:great See also:enthusiasm. In response to the demand for self-See also:government, in See also:September 1647 he and the See also:council appointed—after the manner then followed in Holland—from eighteen representatives chosen by the See also:people a See also:board of nine to confer with him and the council whenever he thought it expedient to ask their See also:advice; three of the nine, selected in rotation, were permitted to sit with the council during the trial of See also:civil cases; and six were to retire each See also:year, their successors to be chosen by the director and council from twelve candidates nominated by the board. The leading burghers were, however, soon alienated by his violent and despotic methods, by his See also:defence of Kieft, and by his devotion to the interests of the company; the nine men became (as See also:early as 1649, when they sent the famous Vertoogh, or Remonstrance, to the states-See also:general asking for burgher government and other reforms) the centre of municipal discontent; and a See also:bitter See also:quarrel ensued. In .165o the states-general suggested a representative government to go into effect in 1653, but the company opposed it; in 1653, however, there was established the first municipal government for the See also:city of New Amsterdam modelled after that of the cities of Holland. Stuyvesant also aroused opposition through his efforts.to increase the revenues of the company, to improve the See also:system of defence, and to prevent the See also:sale of liquor and. firearms to the See also:Indians, and through his persecution of See also:Lutherans and See also:Quakers, to which the company finally put an end. He had a bitter controversy with the patroon of Rensselaerwyck, who claimed to be See also:independent of the West India Company. In 1647 he seized a Dutch See also:ship illegally trading at New Haven and claimed See also:jurisdiction as far as Cape See also:Cod; the New Haven authorities refusedto deliver to him fugitives from See also:justice in Manhattan, he retaliated by offering See also:refuge to runaways from New Haven; but finally he offered See also:pardon to the Dutch fugitives and revoked his See also:proclamation. In September 165o he came to an agreement with the commissioners of the See also:United Colonies of New See also:England at See also:Hartford upon the boundary between New Netherland and See also:Connecticut, involving the See also:sacrifice of a large amount of territory, the new boundary See also:crossing See also:Long Island from the west See also:side of See also:Oyster See also:Bay to the See also:Atlantic Ocean, and on the mainland See also:north from a point west of See also:Greenwich Bay, 4 M. from See also:Stamford. On Long Island, during Stuyvesant's See also:rule, Dutch See also:influence was ' gradually undermined by See also:John Underhill. Stuyvesant's dealings with the Swedes were more successful. With a force of seven See also:hundred men he sailed into the See also:Delaware in 1655, captured Fort Casimir (See also:Newcastle)—which Stuyvesant had built in 1651 and which the Swedes had taken in 1654—and overthrew the See also:Swedish authority in that region. He also vigorously suppressed See also:Indian uprisings in 1655, 1658 and 1663. In See also:March 1664 See also:Charles II. granted to his See also:brother, the See also:duke of York, the territory between the Connecticut See also:river and Delaware Bay, and See also:Colonel See also:Richard See also:Nicolls with a See also:fleet of four See also:ships and about three or four hundred men was sent out to take See also:possession. Misled by instructions from Holland that the expedition was directed wholly against New England, Stuyvesant made no preparation for defence until just before the fleet arrived. As the burghers refused to support him, Stuyvesant was compelled to surrender the See also:town and fort on the 8th of September. He returned to Holland in 1665 and was made a scapegoat by the West India Company for all its failings in New Amsterdam; he went back to New York again after the treaty of See also:Breda in 1667, having secured the right of See also:free See also:trade between Holland and New York. He spent the See also:remainder of his See also:life on his See also:farm called the Bouwerie, from which the See also:present " Bowery " in New York City takes its name. He died in See also:February 1672, and was buried in a See also:chapel, on the site of which in 1799 was erected St See also:Mark's See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church.
See See also:Bayard Tuckerman, Peter Stuyvesant (New York 1893), in the " Makers of See also:America See also:Series; and Mrs See also:Schuyler See also:Van See also:Rensselaer, See also:History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth See also:Century (2 vols., New York, 1909).
End of Article: STUYVESANT, PETER (1592-1672)
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