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See also:LEDOCHOWSKI, MIECISLAUS JOHANN, See also:COUNT (1822-1902) , See also:Polish See also:cardinal, was See also:born on the 29th of See also:October 1822 in See also:Gorki (See also:Russian See also:Poland), and received his See also:early See also:education at the gymnasium and See also:seminary of See also:Warsaw. After See also:finishing his studies at the Jesuit Accademia dei See also:Nobili Ecclesiastici in See also:Rome, which strongly influenced his religious development and his attitude towards See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church affairs, he was ordained in 1845. From 1856 to
outbreak of the Columbian revolution had to return to Rome. In 1861 See also:Pope See also:Pius IX. made him his See also:nuncio at See also:Brussels, and in 1865 he was made See also:archbishop of See also:Gnesen-See also:Posen. His See also:preconization followed on the 8th of See also:January 1866. This date marks the beginning of the second See also:period in Ledochowski's See also:life; for during the Prussian and See also:German Kulturkampf he was one of the most declared enemies of the See also:state. It was only during the earliest years of his See also:appointment as archbishop that he entertained a different view, invoking, for instance, an intervention of See also:Prussia in favour of the See also:Roman Church, when it was oppressed by the See also:house of See also:Savoy. On the 12th of See also:December 187o he presented an effective memorandum on the subject at the headquarters at See also:Versailles. In 1872 the archbishop protested against the demand of the See also:government that religious teaching should be given only in the German See also:language, and in 1873 he addressed a circular See also:letter on this subject to the See also:clergy of his See also:diocese. The government thereupon demanded a statement from the teachers of See also:religion as to whether they intended to obey it or the archbishop, and on their declaring for the archbishop, dismissed them. The count himself was called upon at the end of 1873 to See also:lay aside his See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office. On his refusing to do so, he was arrested between 3 and 4 o'See also:clock in the See also:morning on the 3rd of See also:February 1874 by Stafidi, the director of See also:police, and taken to the military See also:prison of Ostrowo. The pope made him a cardinal on the 13th of See also:March, but it was not till the 3rd of February 1876 that he was released from prison. Having been expelled from the eastern provinces of Prussia, he betook himself to See also:Cracow, where his presence was made the pretext for See also:anti-Prussian demonstrations. Upon this he was also expelled from See also:Austria, and went to Rome, whence, in spite of his removal from office, which was decreed on the 15th of See also:April 1874, be continued to See also:direct the affairs of his diocese, for which he was on several occasions from 1877 to 1879 condemned in absentia by the Prussian government for " usurpation of episcopal rights." It was not till 1885 that Ledochowski re-solved to resign his archbishopric, in which he was succeeded by Dinder at the end of the See also:year. Ledochowski's return in 1884 was forbidden by the Prussian government (although the Kulturkampf had now See also:abated), on See also:account of his having stirred up anew the Polish nationalist agitation. He passed the closing years of his life in Rome. In 1892 he became See also:prefect of the See also:Congregation of the Propaganda, and he died in Rome on the 22nd of See also:July 1902.
See Ograbiszewski, Deulschlands Episko pat in Lebensbildern (1876 and following years); See also:Holtzmann-Zoppfel, Lexikon See also:fur Theologie and Kirchenwesen (and ed., 1888) ; See also:Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel See also:des contemporains (6th ed., 1893) ; Hz-tick, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland See also:im neunzehnten Jahrhundert vol. 4 (1901 and 19o8); Lauchert, Biographisches Jahrbuch, vol. 7 (1905). (J. HN.)
LEDRU-See also:ROLLIN, See also:ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE (1807-1874), See also:French politician, was the See also:grandson of See also:Nicolas Philippe Ledru, the celebrated See also:quack See also:doctor known as " See also:Comus " under See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV., and was born in a house that was once See also:Scarron's, at Fontenay-aux-See also:Roses (See also:Seine), on the 2nd of February 1807. He had just begun to practise at the Parisian See also:bar before the revolution of July, and was retained for the Republican See also:defence in most of the See also:great See also:political trials of the next ten years. In 1838 he bought for 330,000 francs See also:Desire Dalloz's See also:place in the See also:Court of Cassation. He was elected See also:deputy for Le Mans in 1841 with hardly a dissentient See also:voice; but for the violence of his electoral speeches he was tried at See also:Angers and sentenced to four months' imprisonment and a See also:fine, against which he appealed successfully on a technical point. He made a See also:rich and romantic See also:marriage in 1843, and in 1846 disposed of his See also:charge at the Court of Cassation to give his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time entirely to politics. He was now the recognized See also:leader of the working-men of See also:France. He had more authority in the See also:country than in the Chamber, where the violence of his See also:oratory diminished its effect. He asserted that the fortifications of See also:Paris were directed against See also:liberty, not against See also:foreign invasion, and he stigmatized the See also:law of regency (1842) as an audacious usurpation. Neither from See also:official Liberalism nor from the See also:press did he receive support; even the Republican See also:National was
opposed to him because of his championship of labour. He therefore founded La Reforme in which to advance his propaganda. Between Ledru-Rollin and Odilon See also:Barrot with the other chiefs of the " dynastic See also:Left " there were acute See also:differences, hardly dissimulated even during the temporary See also:alliance which produced the See also:campaign of the banquets. It was the speeches of Ledru-Rollin and Louis See also:Blanc at working-men's banquets in See also:Lille, See also:Dijon and Chalons that really heralded the revolution. Ledru-Rollin prevented the appointment of the duchess of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans as See also:regent in 1848. He and Lamartine held the See also:tribune in the Chamber of Deputies until the Parisian populace stopped serious discussion by invading the Chamber. He was See also:minister of the interior in the provisional government, and was also a member of the executive See also:committee r appointed by the Constituent See also:Assembly, from which Louis Blanc and the extremists were excluded. At the crisis of the 15th of May he definitely sided with Lamartine and the party of See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order against the See also:proletariat. Henceforward his position was a difficult one. He never regained his See also:influence with the working classes, who considered they had been betrayed; but to his See also:short See also:ministry belongs the See also:credit of the See also:establishment of a working See also:system of universal See also:suffrage. At the presidential See also:election in December he was put forward as the Socialist See also:candidate, but secured only 370,000 votes. His opposition to the policy of See also:President Louis See also:Napoleon, especially his Roman policy, led to his moving the See also:impeachment of the president and his ministers. The See also:motion was defeated, and next See also:day (See also:June 13, 1849) he headed what he called a peaceful demonstration, and his enemies armed insurrection. He himself escaped to See also:London where he joined the executive of the revolutionary committee of See also:Europe, with See also:Kossuth and Mazzini among his colleagues. He was accused of complicity in an obscure See also:attempt (18J7) against the life of Napoleon III., and condemned in his See also:absence to See also:deportation. Emile 011ivier removed the exceptions from the See also:general See also:amnesty in 187o, and Ledru-Rollin returned to France after twenty years of See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile. Though elected in 1871 in three departments he refused to sit in the National Assembly, and took no serious See also:part in politics until 1874 when he was returned to the Assembly as member for See also:Vaucluse. He died on the 31st of December of that year.
Under Louis Philippe he made large contributions to French See also:jurisprudence, editing the See also:Journal du palais, 1791–1837 (27 vols., 1837), and 1837–1847 (17 vols.), with a commentary Repertoire general de la jurisprudence fran¢aise (8 vols., 1843–1848), the introduction to which was written by himself. His later writings were political in See also:character. See Ledru-Rollin, ses discours et ses ecrits politiques (2 vols., Paris, 1879), edited by his widow.
End of Article: LEDOCHOWSKI, MIECISLAUS JOHANN, COUNT (1822-1902)
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