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See also:MALORY, See also:SIR See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
THOMAS , translator and compiler of the famous See also:English classic, the Morte d'See also:Arthur. Previous to the publication of See also:Professor Kittredge's monograph, Who was Sir Thomas Malory? the identity of this writer remained an unsolved problem. Mr. See also:Sidney See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee, in the See also:Dictionary of See also:National See also:Biography, was compelled to admit that he could find no one of that name fulfilling the necessary conditions. Of See also:direct See also:evidence we have very little; in the concluding passage of the See also:book the author asks the prayers of the reader for " Syr Thomas 114aleore knyght," and states that the book was ended " the ix. yere of the reygne of Kyng See also:Edward the See also:fourth." See also:Caxton, in his See also:preface, says that he printed the book " after a copye unto me delivered whyche copye Syr Thomas Malorye dyd take oute of certeyn bookes of frensshe and reduced it in to Englysshe "; in his See also:colophon he repeats this statement, adding that he himself is responsible for the See also:division of the See also:work into books and chapters, and that it was printed in 1485. It will be noted that Caxton does not say that he received the book from Malory, only that he had received a copy made by Malory; from this Professor Kittredge draws the conclusion that the compiler was no longer living. The problem then is to find a Thomas Malory who was (a) a See also:knight, (b) alive in the ninth See also:year of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King Edward IV. (See also:Mar. 4, 1469-Mar. 3, 1470), and (c) who was. no longer living in See also:July (or See also:June) 1485.
All these conditions Professor Kittredge finds fulfilled in the See also:life of Sir Thomas Malory, knight, of Newbold Revell (or Fenny Newbold), M.P. for See also:Warwickshire in 1445. The date of Sir Thomas's See also:birth is uncertain, but he succeeded his See also:father, Sir See also:John, in 1433 or 1434. Previously to this he had served in See also:France, in the See also:retinue of the See also:earl of See also:Warwick, most probably during the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time that that nobleman held the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of See also:captain of See also:Calais. It seems probable that he is also to be identified with a " Thomas Malorie, See also:miles," who in 1468 was, on See also:account of the See also:part played by him in the See also:Wars of the See also:Roses, excluded with several others from the operation of a See also:pardon issued by Edward IV. As, however, on the See also:death of Sir Thomas on the 14th of See also:March 1470, there was no difficulty as to See also:inheritance, his estates passing to his See also:grandson, he must, if this See also:identification be correct, have come under the See also:general See also:amnesty of 1469. It will be seen, therefore, that so far as it is in our See also:power to See also:state the question this Sir Thomas Malory fulfils all the necessary conditions.
It is interesting to See also:note that the career of the earl of Warwick in France was maFked by certain picturesque and chivalric features which might well impress the See also:imagination of a See also:young See also:retainer. John See also:Rous, in his Life of See also:Richard Earl of Warwick, tells us that at a certain tourney held near Calais at See also:Christmas-See also:tide, Earl Richard appeared three days See also:running in different See also:armour, overthrowing his adversary on each occasion—an exploit obviously imitated from the chivalric romances of the See also:period.
The work with which Malory's name is connected is an abridged compilation of the See also:great See also:body of Arthurian See also:romance in its latest See also:form. The See also:Merlin (See also:Vulgate and See also:Suite), See also:Tristan, See also:Lance-See also:lot, Queste and Mort Artus are all represented, the only See also:branch omitted is that dealing with the " See also:early See also:history " of the See also:Grail, the See also:Joseph of Arimathea and See also:Grand S. Graal. Thanks mainly to the labours of Dr Oskar See also:Sommer, we can now assign the See also:majority of the books to their See also:separate See also:sources, although certain stories, such as the adventures of Sir Gareth under the See also:pseudonym of Beaumains, the handling of Sir Urre of See also:Hungary, and thedetails of the See also:abduction of See also:Guenevere by Meleagaunt, still remain unidentified. But we do not yet know whether Malory himself was responsible for this selection, or whether he found it ready to See also:hand in a MS., the " Frensshe Booke " to which he often refers. To make such a compilation at first hand, considering the extent of the ground covered, would involve an enormous amount of study and selection, and the See also:access to a very large library—conditions which scarcely seem to See also:fit in with the social position and activities of Sir Thomas. On the other hand it is undeniable that the See also:medieval copyists, at the instance of their patrons, did make compilations from the various romances within their reach, such as e.g. the enormous codex 112 (fonds See also:Franc.) of the Bibliotheque Nationale, which includes large sections of the Tristan, the See also:Lancelot, and the Merlin Suite. Taking into See also:consideration alike what Malory retains and what he omits, it seems most probable that he was in See also:possession, not of See also:complete copies of the romances, but of one or more volumes of compilations from these sources.
From the point of view of See also:matter it must be admitted that the Morte d' Arthur does not represent the Arthurian See also:cycle at its best, but rather in the period of its decadence; nor does Malory in any way endeavour to overcome the difficulties caused by the juxtaposition of a number of See also:independent (and often contradictory) versions. This is especially noticeable in his treatment of See also:Gawain; in the See also:section derived from the Lancelot and Mort Artus he is a See also:good and valiant knight, " a ful See also:noble knyghte as ever was See also:borne," in those derived from the Tristan and the Queste, he is treacherous, dissolute, and a murderer of good knights.
The great See also:charm of Malory's work lies in his See also:style; stately, See also:earnest and dignified, it has See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
lent to the relations between Lancelot and Guenevere a See also:character of truth and vitality in which the See also:French See also:original is wholly lacking. Malory achieved a remark-able feat—he took the Arthurian See also:story in its worst and weakest form and he imparted to it a moral force and See also:elevation which the cycle, even in its earlier and finer See also:stage, had, See also:save in the unique See also:case of Von Eschenbach's Parzival, never possessed. While genuine lovers of the Arthurian cycle must regret that the romances should only be known to the great majority of English readers through the versions of Malory and See also:Tennyson, it is impossible to withholdfrom the Morte d'Arthur the admiration due to an imperishable See also:monument of English See also:language and literature.
See Who was Sir Thomas Malory? G. L. Kittredge (Harvard Studies and Notes, vol. v., 1896); Morte d'Artlur, ed. by Dr Oskar Sommer (an exact See also:reproduction of the original See also:text in 2 vols.) —vol. iii. a study on The Sources of Malory." The sections on Lancelot and Queste are unfortunately very inadequate; for these cf. The See also:Legend of Sir Lancelot, See also:Grimm Library, vol. xii. (J. L.
End of Article: MALORY, SIR THOMAS
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