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See also:SANA (Send'a) , a See also:town in S. See also:Arabia, the See also:capital of the See also:Turkish vilayet of See also:Yemen. It is situated in 15° 22' N. and 440 10' E. in a broad valley See also:running nearly N. and S., 7250 ft. above See also:sea-level, on the E. slope of the See also:great meridional range, over which the road runs to See also:Hodeda, on the Red Sea See also:coast 130 M. distant, See also:crossing the Karn al Wa`l pass, over goon ft., about 25 M. W. of the See also:city. The mean temperature of the See also:year is 6o° F., with a summer maximum of 77°, and a See also:regular rainfall which falls chiefly during the S.W. See also:monsoon from See also:June to See also:September. The usual cereals, fruits and vegetables of the temperate See also:zone, See also:wheat, See also:barley, apples, apricots, vines, potatoes, cabbages, beans, &c., are abundant and excellent.
The town consists of three parts—(1) the See also:Medina, the old city, now the Arab See also:quarter, on the E. containing the See also:principal mosques, See also:baths, &c., with the citadel, el Kasr, at its S.E. corner at the See also:foot of See also:Jebel Nukum on the See also:crest of which 2000 ft. above the valley are the ruins of the old fort of el Birash, traditionally attributed to See also:Shem the son of See also:Noah, and the Mutawakkil,
' This is on the usual See also:assumption that there was only one See also:ark in the See also:history of See also:Judah and See also:Israel.formerly containing the See also:palace and gardens of the imams, covering its W. See also:face; (2) the Bir Azab W. of the city, consisting of detached houses and gardens, chiefly occupied by the higher Turkish officials, and (3) on the extreme W. the Ka'el Yahud or Jewish quarter. The city with the Kasr and Mutawakkil is surrounded by ramparts built of See also:clay and See also:sun-dried See also:brick, 25 to 30 ft. high and of great thickness. The Bir Azab and Ka'el Yahud are enclosed in a similar See also:enceinte but of more See also:recent construction, connected with that of the city by the Mutawakkil; the whole forms a rough figure of eight, some 21 M. See also:long from E. to W., and 4 m. in breadth. The walls are pierced by several See also:gates; the principal are the Bab esh Shu`b and the Bab el Yemen in the N. and S. faces of the city respectively, and the Bab es Sabah in its W. face leading into the Mutawakkil, and thence by a broad See also:street through the Bir Azab and Ka'el Yahud to the Bab el Ka', the See also:main entrance to the town from the Hodeda road. The city itself has narrow, paved streets, with massive, See also:flat-roofed houses of several storeys, and many extensive See also:groups of buildings, mosques, serais and baths. The Jami `Masjid, or principal See also:mosque, stands on the site of the See also:Christian See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church built by Abraha ruler of Yemen during the See also:period of Ethiopian domination, about A.D. 530. It consists of a great rectangular courtyard paved with See also:granite, surrounded by a triple See also:arcade, the domed See also:roofs of which are supported by numerous columns of See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone or brick; in the centre there is a See also:model of the Ka'ba at See also:Mecca covered with stone flags of various See also:colours arranged chequer-See also:wise. Among the other mosques, of which there are See also:forty-eight in all, that of Salah ed din with its beautiful See also:minaret is one of the finest. Of the Kasr Ghumdan and other See also:ancient buildings, the splendours of which were sung by the poets of the See also:early days of See also:Islam, nothing but mutilated ruins remain; the old palace of the imams, the Mutawakkil, was destroyed during the years of anarchy preceding the Turkish occupation, and the site is now occupied by a military See also:hospital See also:standing in well-kept gardens. The houses consist generally of a ground See also:floor built of dressed stone, surmounted by two or three storeys of burnt brick; as a See also:rule the See also:lower See also:storey has no openings but an arched See also:doorway; the See also:facade of the upper storeys is pierced by long narrow window recesses, divided into three parts, the lowest of which forms a square window closed by carved wooden shutters, while the upper ones contain See also:round or pointed window. fitted with coloured See also:glass, or thin slabs of See also:alabaster which admit a subdued See also:light.
The valley in which Sana lies is generally sterile, but in places where See also:water is brought from the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill streams on the W. See also:fields of barley, See also:lucerne and See also:market gardens are to be seen, particularly at Randa, the See also:garden suburb, 6 m. N. of the town, and in the deep See also:gorges of the See also:Wadi Dhahr and W. Hadda, the terraced orchards of which are celebrated for their See also:fine See also:fruit-trees. The water See also:supply of the town is derived from numerous See also:wells, and from the Ghail Aswad, a small See also:canal which supplies the military
See also:cantonment outside and S. of the walls, and runs through the gardens in the Mutawakkil.
The See also:population was estimated by R. See also:Manzoni in 1887 at 20,000 See also:Arabs, 3000 See also:Turks and 1700 See also:Jews, or less than 25,000 altogether; H. Burchardt in 1891 put it at 50,000; the city has, however, suffered severely from the See also:state of unrest which has been chronic in Yemen since 1893, and more particu-
larly in 1905, when it was taken by the insurgents, and held by them for three months, and the actual See also:numbers at See also:present
do not probably exceed Manzoni's estimate.
Arabic writers give many discordant and fabulous traditions about the See also:oldest history of Sana and its connexion with the ancient See also:kingdom of Ilimyar. But most agree that its oldest name was Azal, which seems to be the same word with Uzal in Gen. x. 27. A Himyarite nation of Auzalites occurs in a See also:Syriac writer of the 6th See also:century. The better-informed Arab writers knew also that the later name is due to the Abyssinian conquerors of Yemen, and that it meant in their See also:language " fortified " (See also:Bakri, p. 606; See also:Noldeke, Gesch. d. Pers. u. Arab. p. 187). Sana became the capital of the Abyssinian Abraha (c. 530 A. D.) who built here the famous church (Kalis), which was destroyed two centuries later by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the See also:caliph Mansur (Azraki, p.
91).
AuruoRITIES.—See also:Niebuhr, Travels in Arabia (See also:Amsterdam, 1774); R. Manzoni, Il Yemen (See also:Rome, 1884) ; D. See also:Charnay and A. Defiers, Excursions au Yemen. Tour du monde (See also:Paris, No. 24, 1898).
(R. A. W.)
SANA'Y, the See also:common name of ABULMAJD MAJDUD B. See also:ADAM, the earliest among the great Sufic poets of See also:Persia, was a native of See also:Ghazni (in See also:Afghanistan). He flourished in the reigns of the
Ghaznevid sultans See also:Ibrahim (1059-1099, 451-492 A.H.), his son Masud (1099-1114), and his See also:grandson Bahram (1118-1152).
See also:Persian authorities are greatly at variance as to the See also:dates of the poet's See also:birth and See also:death. At any See also:rate, he must have been See also:born in the beginning of the second See also:half of the rtth century and have
died between 1131 and 1150 (525 and 545 A.H.). He composed
chiefly gasidas in See also:honour of his See also:sovereign Ibrahim and the great men of the See also:realm, but the ridicule of a half-mad See also:jester is said to have caused him to abandon the career of a See also:court panegyrist and to devote his poetical abilities to higher subjects. For forty years he led a See also:life of retirement and poverty, and, although Bahram offered him a high position at court and his own See also:sister in See also:marriage, he remained faithful to his austere and solitary life. But, partly to show his gratitude to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, partly to leave a lasting See also:monument of his See also:genius behind him, he began to write his great See also:double-rhymed poem on See also:ethics and religious life, which served as model to the masterpieces of See also:Farid-uddin 'See also:Attar and Jelal ud-din Rums, the fIadigat ul-hagigat, or " Garden of Truth " (also called Alkitab alfakhri), in ten cantos. This poem deals with such topics as : the unity of the Godhead, the divine word, the excellence of the See also:prophet, See also:reason, knowledge and faith, love, the soul, worldly occupation and inattention to higher duties, stars and See also:spheres and their symbolic See also:lore, See also:friends and foes, separation from the See also:world. One of Sana'I's earliest disciples, Mahommed b. `All Raggam, generally known as `All al-Raffa, who wrote a See also:preface to this See also:work, assigns to its See also:composition the date 1131 (525 A.H.), and states besides that the poet died immediately after the completion of his task. Now, Sana'i cannot possibly have died in ir3r, as another of his mathnawis, the Tariq-i-tahgiq, or " Path to the Verification of Truth," was composed, according to a chronogram in its last verses, in 1134 (528 A.H.), nor even in 1140, if he really wrote, as the Atashkada says, an See also:elegy on the death of See also:AmIr Mu'izzl;
for this court-poet of See also:Sultan Sinjar lived till 1147 or 1148 (542 A.11.). Ii seems, therefore, that Tagi See also:Kashi is right in fixing
Sana'i's death in 1150 (545 A.H.), the more so as `See also:Ali al-Raffa
himself distinctly says in his preface that the poet breathed his last on the 11th of Sha'See also:ban, " which was a See also:Sunday," and it is only in 1150 that this See also:day happened to be the first of the See also:week. Sana'i See also:left, besides the ,(Iadigah and the Tariq-i-tahgiq, several other Sufic mathnawis of similar purport: for instance, the Sair ul'ibad il¢'lma'dd, or " See also:Man's See also:Journey towards the Other World " (also called Kunuz-urrumuz, " The Treasures of Mysteries"); the 'Ishqnama, or "See also:Book of Love "; the `Aglnama or " Book of See also:Intellect "; the K¢rndma, or " See also:Record of Stirring Deeds," &c.; and an extensive diwan or collection of lyrical See also:poetry. His See also:tomb, called the " Mecca " of Ghazni, is still visited by numerous pilgrims.
See Abdullatif al-'Abbasi's commentary (completed 1632 and preserved in a somewhat abridged See also:form in several copies of the See also:India See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office Library) ; on the poet's life and See also:works, See also:Ouseley, Biogr. Notices, 184-187; See also:Rieu's and See also:Flugel's Catalogues, &c. ; E. G. See also:- BROWNE
- BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
- BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
- BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
- BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
- BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
- BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
- BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
- BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
- BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
- BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)
Browne, See also:Literary History of Persia (1906), ii. 317-322; H. Ethe in W. Geiger's Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, ii. 282-284.
End of Article: SANA (Send'a)
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