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Country, a monthly periodical conducted by Kraevsky; but he was wretchedly paid, and his work, though revealing extraordinary power and intensity, commonly lacks both finish and proportion. Poverty and See also:

PHYSICAL

physical suffering robbed him of the joy of See also:

LIFE

life and filled him with See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter thoughts and morbid imaginings.

During 1847 he became an enthusiastic member of the revolutionary reunions of the See also:

POLITICAL

political agitator, Petrachevski. Many of the students and younger members did little more than discuss the theories of See also:

Fourier and other economists at these gatherings. Exaggerated reports were eventually carried to the See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, and on the 23rd of See also:

APRIL

April 1849 Dostoievsky and his See also:

BROTHER

brother, with See also:

THIRTY

thirty other suspected personages, were arrested. After a short examination by the See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret police they were lodged in the fortress of St See also:

Peter and St See also:

Paul at St Petersburg, in which confinement Feodor wrote his story A Little Hero. On the 22nd of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1849 the accused were all condemned to See also:

DEATH

death and conveyed in vans to a large See also:

scaffold in the Simonovsky See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place. As the soldiers were preparing to carry out the See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, the prisoners were informed that their See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty was commuted to See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in See also:

SIBERIA

Siberia. The novelist's sentence was, four years in Siberia and enforced military service in the ranks for life. On See also:

CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

eve 1849 he commenced the long See also:

JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

OMSK

Omsk, and remained in Siberia, " like a man buried alive, nailed down in his See also:

COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin," for four terrible years. His Siberian experiences are graphically narrated in a See also:

VOLUME

volume to which he gave the name of Recollections of a Dead-See also:

House (1858). It was known in an English See also:

TRANSLATION

translation as Buried Alive in Siberia (1881; another version, s888). His See also:

RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release only subjected him to fresh indignities as a See also:

COMMON

common soldier at See also:

SEMIPALATINSK

Semipalatinsk; but in 1858, through the intercession of an old schoolfellow, See also:

General See also:

TODLEBEN (or TOTLEBEN), FRANZ EDUARD IVANOVICH, COUNT (1818-1884)

Todleben, he was made an under-officer; and in 1859, upon the See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

Alexander II,, he was finally recalled from exile. In 1858 he had married a widow, Madame Isaiev, but she died at St Petersburg in 1867 after a somewhat stormy married life.

After herding for years with the worst criminals, Dostoievsky obtained an exceptional insight into the dark and seamy See also:

side of Russian life. He, formed new conceptions of human life, of the See also:

BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and evil in than, and of the Russian character. Psychological studies have seldom, if ever, found a more intense See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of expression than that embodied by Dostoievsky in his novel called See also:

CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

Crime and See also:

PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

Punishment. The hero Raskolnikov is a poor student, who is led on to commit a See also:

MURDER

murder partly by self-conceit, partly by the contemplation of the abject misery around him. Unsurpassed in poignancy in the whole of See also:

MODERN

modern literature is the sensation of compassion evoked by the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene between the self-tormented Raskolnikov and the humble See also:

street-See also:

walker, Sonia, whom he loves, and from whom, having confessed his crime, he derives the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of expiation. Raskolnikov finally gives himself up to the police and is exiled to Siberia, whither Sonia follows him. The See also:

hook gave currency to A number of ideas, not in any sense new, but specially characteristic of Dostoievsky: the theory, for instance, that in every life, however fallen and degraded, there are ecstatic moments of self-devotion; the See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

PURIFICATION

purification by suffering, and by suffering alone; and the ideal of a Russian people forming a social See also:

state at some future See also:

period See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound together by no See also:

OBLIGATION

obligation See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save mutual love and the magic of kindness. In this visionary prospect, as well as in his objection to the use of physical force, Dostoievsky anticipated in a remarkable manner some of the conspicuous tenets of his See also:

GREAT

great successor See also:

Tolstoy. The See also:

BOOK

book electrified the See also:

READING

reading public in See also:

Russia upon its See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in 1866, and its fame was confilimed when it appeared in See also:

Paris in 1867. To his remarkable See also:

FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of awakening reverberations of See also:

MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy and compassion, as shown in his See also:

early work, Dostoievsky had added, by the See also:

ADMISSION

admission of all, a rare mastery over the emotions of terror and pity. But such mastery was not long to remain unimpaired. Crime and Punishment was written when he was at the See also:

ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of his power.

His remaining See also:

WORKS

works exhibit frequently a marvellous tragic and See also:

ANALYTIC (the adjective of " analysis," q.v.)

analytic power, but they are unequal, and deficient in measure and in balance. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of them are: The Injured and the Insulted, The Demons (1867), The Idiot(1869), The Adult (1875), The See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers Karamzov (1881). From 1865, when he settled in St Petersburg, Dostoievsky was absorbed in a See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of journalistic enterprises, in the Slavophil See also:

INTEREST

interest, and suffered severe pecuniary losses. He had to leave Russia, in order to See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape his creditors, and to seek See also:

REFUGE

refuge in See also:

Germany and See also:

Italy. He was further harassed by troubles with his wife, and his work was interrupted by epileptic fits and other physical ailments. It was under such conditions as these that his most enduring works were created. He managed finally to return to Russia early in the seventies, and was for some See also:

time director of The Russian See also:

WORLD

World. From 1876 he published a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review, entitled Carnet d'un ecrivain, to the pages of which he committed439 many See also:

STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange autobiographical facts and reflections. The last eight years of his life were spent in See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative prosperity at St Petersburg, where he died on the 9th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1881. His life had been irremediably seared by his Siberian experiences. He looked prematurely old; his See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face See also:

BORE

bore an expression of accumulated sorrow; in disposition he had become distrustful, taciturn, contemptuous—his favourite theme the superiority of the Russian See also:

PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant over every other class; as an artist, though uncultured, he had ever been subtle and sympathetic, but latterly he was tortured by tragic visions and morbidly preoccupied by exceptional and perverted types. M. de See also:

VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

Vogue, in his admirable Ecrivains russes, has worked out with some success a parallel between the later years of Dostoievsky and those of See also:

JEAN

Jean Jacques See also:

Rousseau.

Siberia effectually convinced the novelist of the See also:

IMPOTENCE (Lat. impotentia, want of power)

impotence of See also:

NIHILISM

Nihilism in such a country as Russia; but though he was assailed by ardent Liberals for the reactionary trend of his later writings, Dostoievsky became, towards the end of his life, an extremely popular figure, and his funeral, on the 12th of February 1881, was the occasion of one of the most remarkable demonstrations of public feeling ever witnessed in the Russian See also:

capital. The death of the Russian novelist was not mentioned in the See also:

LONDON

London See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press; it is only since 1885, when Crime and Punishment first appeared in English, that his name has become at all See also:

FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar in See also:

England, mainly through See also:

French See also:

TRANSLATIONS

translations. A See also:

COMPLETE

complete edition of his novels was issued at St Petersburg in fourteen volumes (1882-1883). Two See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical studies by Tchij and Zelinskyappeared at Moscow in 1885,and a See also:

German life by See also:

Hoffmann at See also:

Vienna in 1899. (T.

End of Article: DOSTOIEVSKY, FEODOR MIKHAILOVICH (182I-1881)

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