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See also:HOLY See also:ALLIANCE, THE . The farnous treaty, or See also:declaration, known by this name was signed in the first instance by See also:Alexander I., See also:emperor of See also:Russia, See also:Francis I., emperor of See also:Austria, and See also:Frederick See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William III., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Prussia, on the 26th of See also:September 1815, and was proclaimed by the emperor Alexander the same See also:day at a See also:great See also:review of the allied troops held on the Champ See also:des Vertus near See also:Paris. The See also:English version of the See also:text is as follows:
In the name of the Most Holy and Indivisible Trinity.
Holy Alliance of Sovereigns of Austria, Prussia and Russia.
Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, the King of Prussia, and the Emperor of Russia, having, in consequence of the great events which have marked the course of the three last years in See also:Europe, and especially of the blessings which it has pleased Divine See also:Providence to shower down upon those States which See also:place their confidence and their See also:hope on it alone, acquired the intimate conviction of the See also:necessity of settling the steps to be observed by the See also:Powers, in their reciprocal relations, upon the See also:sublime truths which the Holy See also:Religion of our Saviour teaches;
See also:Government and See also:Political Relations.
They solemnly declare that the See also:present See also:Act has no other See also:object than to publish, in the See also:face of the whole See also:world, their fixed See also:resolution, both in the See also:administration of their respective States, and in their political relations with every other Government, to take for their See also:sole See also:guide the precepts of that Holy Religion, namely, the precepts of See also:Justice, See also:Christian Charity and See also:Peace, which, far from being applicable only to private concerns, must have an immediate See also:influence on'the See also:councils of Princes, and guide all their steps, as being the only means of consolidating human institutions and remedying their imperfections. In consequence, their Majesties have agreed on the following Articles :
principles of the Christian Religion.
See also:Art. I. Conformably to the words of the Holy Scriptures which command all men to consider each other as brethren, the Three contracting Monarchs will remain See also:united by the bonds of a true and indissoluble fraternity, and, considering each other as See also:fellow See also:country-men, they will, on all occasions and in all places, lend each other aid and assistance; and, regarding themselves towards their subjects and armies as fathers of families, they will See also:lead them, in the same spirit of fraternity with which they are animated, to protect Religion, Peace and Justice.
Fraternity and See also:Affection.
Art. II. In consequence, the sole principle of force, whether between the said Governments or between their Subjects, shall be that of doing each other reciprocal service, and of testifying by unalterable See also:good will the mutual affection with which they ought to be animated, to consider themselves all as members of one and the same Christian nation; the three allied Princes looking on themselves as merely delegated by Providence to govern three branches of the One See also:family, namely, Austria, Prussia and Russia, thus confessing that the Christian world, of which they and their See also:people See also:form a See also:part, has in reality no other See also:Sovereign than Him to whom alone See also:power really belongs, because in Him alone are found all the treasures of love, See also:science and See also:infinite See also:wisdom, that is to say, See also:God, our Divine Saviour, the Word of the Most High, the Word of See also:Life. Their Majesties consequently recommend to their people, with the most See also:tender solicitude, as the sole means of enjoying that Peace which arises from a good See also:conscience, and which alone is durable, to strengthen themselves every day more and more in the principles and exercise of the duties which the Divine Saviour has taught to mankind.
See also:Accession of See also:Foreign Powers.
Art. III. All the Powers who shall choose solemnly to avow the sacred principles which have dictated the present Act, and shall acknowledge how important it is for the happiness of nations, too See also:long agitated, that these truths should henceforth exercise over the destinies of mankind all the influence which belongs to them, will be received with equal ardour and affection into this Holy Alliance.
The See also:credit for inspiring this singular document was claimed by the Baroness von Kriidener (q.v.); in any See also:case it was the outcome of the See also:tsar's See also:mood of evangelical exaltation, and was in its inception perfectly sincere. Neither Frederick William nor Francis signed willingly, the latter remarking that " if it was a question of politics, he must refer it to his See also:chancellor, if of religion, to his See also:confessor." Metternich called it a " loud-See also:sounding nothing," Castlereagh, " a piece of sublime See also:mysticism and nonsense." None the less, in accordance with its last See also:article, the signatures of all the See also:European sovereigns were invited to theinstrument, the See also:pope and the See also:Ottoman See also:sultan alone being excepted. The See also:prince See also:regent courteously declined to sign, on the constitutional ground that all acts of the See also:British See also:crown required the See also:counter-See also:signature of a See also:minister, but he sent a See also:letter expressing his " entire concurrence with the principles laid down by the ` See also:august sovereigns ' and stating that it would always be his endeavour to regulate his conduct by their ` sacred See also:maxims.' " With these exceptions, all the European sovereigns sooner or later appended their names.
In popular parlance, which has found its way into the See also:language of serious historians, the " Holy Alliance " soon became synonymous with the See also:combination of the great powers by whom Europe was ruled in See also:concert during the See also:period of the congresses, and associated with the policy of reaction which gradually dominated their counsels. For the understanding of the inner See also:history of the See also:diplomacy of this period, however, a clear distinction must be See also:drawn between the Holy Alliance and the See also:Grand, or Quadruple (Quintuple) Alliance. The Grand Alliance was established on definite See also:treaties concluded for definite purposes, of which the See also:chief was the preservation of peace on the basis of the territorial See also:settlement of 1815. The Holy Alliance was a See also:general treaty—hardly indeed a treaty at all—which See also:bound its signatories to act on certain vague principles for no well-defined end; and in its essence it was so far from necessarily reactionary that the emperor Alexander at one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time declared that it involved the See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant of liberal constitutions by princes to their subjects. Its See also:main significance was due to the persistent efforts of the tsar to make it the basis of the " universal See also:union," or general See also:con-federation of Europe, which he wished to substitute for the actual See also:committee of the great powers, efforts which were frustrated by the vigorous diplomacy of Castlereagh, acting as the See also:mouthpiece of the British government (see EUROPE: History; ALEXANDER I. of Russia; See also:LONDONDERRY, See also:ROBERT See also:- STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
- STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
- STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
- STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
- STEWART, J
- STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
- STEWART, JULIUS L
- STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
- STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
- STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
- STEWART, STUART
- STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)
STEWART, 2ND See also:MARQUIS OF).
As a See also:diplomatic See also:instrument the Holy Alliance never, as a See also:matter of fact, became effective. None the less, its principles and the fact of its signature powerfully affected the course of European diplomacy during the 19th See also:century. It strongly influenced the emperor See also:Nicholas I. of Russia, to whom the brotherhood of sovereigns by divine right was an article of faith, inspiring the principles of the See also:convention of See also:Berlin (between Russia, Austria and Prussia) in 1833, and the tsar's intervention in 1849 to crush the Hungarian insurrection on behalf of his See also:brother of Austria. That it had become synonymous with a See also:conspiracy against popular liberties was, however, a See also:mere See also:accident of the point of view of those who interpreted its principles. It was capable of other and more See also:noble interpretations, and it was avowedly the See also:inspiration of the famous rescript of the emperor Nicholas II., embodied in the circular of See also:Count See also:Muraviev to the European courts (August 4th, 1898), which issued in the first See also:international peace See also:conference at the See also:Hague in 1899. (W. A.
End of Article: HOLY ALLIANCE, THE
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