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LAMAISM

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 533 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LAMAISM . (H. Y.; L. A. W.) L'HOPITAL (or L'See also:

HOSPITAL), See also:MICHEL DE (c. 1505-1573), See also:French statesman, was See also:born near Aigueperse in See also:Auvergne (now See also:Puy-de-See also:Dome). His See also:father, who was physician to the See also:constable See also:Charles of See also:Bourbon, sent him to study at See also:Toulouse, whence at the See also:age of eighteen he was driven, a consequence of the evil fortunes of the See also:family See also:patron, to See also:Padua, where he studied See also:law and letters for about six years. On the completion of his studies he joined his father at See also:Bologna, and afterwards, the constable having died, went to See also:Rome in the See also:suite of Charles V. For some See also:time he held a position in the papal See also:court at Rome, but about 1534 he returned to See also:France, and becoming an See also:advocate, his See also:marriage, in 1537, procured for him the See also:post of counsellor to the See also:parlement of See also:Paris. This See also:office he held until 1547, when he was sent by See also:Henry II. on a See also:mission to Bologna, where the See also:council of See also:Trent was at that time sitting; after sixteen months of wearisome inactivity there, he was by his own See also:desire recalled at the See also:close of 1548. L'Hopital now for some time held the position of See also:chancellor to the See also:king's See also:sister, See also:Margaret, duchess of See also:Berry. In 1JJ3, on the recommendation of the See also:Cardinal of See also:Lorraine, he was named See also:master of the See also:requests, and afterwards See also:president of the chambre See also:des comptes.

In 1559 he accompanied the princess Margaret, now duchess of See also:

Savoy, to See also:Nice, where, in the following See also:year, tidings reached him that he had been chosen to succeed See also:Francois See also:Olivier (1487–1560) in the chancellor-See also:ship of France. One of his first acts after entering on the duties of his office was to cause the parlement of Paris to See also:register the See also:edict of See also:Romorantin, of which he is sometimes, but erroneously, said to have been the author. Designed to protect heretics from the See also:secret and See also:summary methods of the See also:Inquisition, it certainly had his sympathy and approval. In accordance with the cpnsistent policy of inclusion and See also:toleration by which the whole of his See also:official See also:life was characterized, he induced the council to See also:call the See also:assembly of notables, which met at See also:Fontainebleau in See also:August 156o and agreed that the States See also:General should be summoned, all proceedings against heretics being meanwhile suppressed, pending the See also:reformation of the See also:church by a general or See also:national council. The States General met in See also:December; the edict of See also:Orleans (See also:January 1561) followed, and finally, after the colloquy of See also:Poissy, the edict of January_ 1562, the most liberal, except that of See also:Nantes, ever obtained by the Protestants of France. Its terms, however, were not carried out, and during the See also:war which was the inevitable result of the See also:massacre of Vassy in See also:March, L'H6pital, whose dismissal had been for some time urged by the papal See also:legate See also:Hippolytus of See also:Este, found it necessary to retire to his See also:estate at Vignay, near See also:Etampes, whence he did not return until after the pacification of See also:Amboise (March 1g, 1563). 'It Was by his See also:advice that Charles IX. was declared of age at See also:Rouen in August 1563, a measure which really increased the See also:power of 'See also:Catherine de' See also:Medici; and it was under his See also:influence also that the' royal council in 1564 refused to authorize the publication of the acts of the council of Trent, on See also:account of their inconsistency with the Gallican liberties. In 1564–1566 he accompanied the See also:young king on an extended tour through France; and in 1566 he was instrumental in the promulgation of an important edict for the reform of abuses in the See also:administration of See also:justice. The renewal of the religious war in See also:September 1567, however, was at once a symptom and a cause of diminished influence to L'Hopital, and in See also:February 1568 he obtained his letters of See also:discharge, which were registered by the parlement on the 11th of May, his titles, honours and emoluments being reserved to him during the See also:remainder of his life. Henceforward he lived a life of unbroken seclusion at Vignay, his only subsequent public See also:appearance being by means of a memoire which he. addressed to the king in 1570 under the See also:title Le But de la guerre et de to paix, ou disc'ours du chancelier l'Hospilal pour exhorter Charles IX. el denner la paix a ses sujets. Though not exempt from considerable danger, he passed in safety through the troubles of St See also:Bartholomew's See also:eve. His See also:death took See also:place either at Vignay or at Bellebat on the 13th LIAO-YANG, a See also:city of See also:China, formerly the See also:chief See also:town of the See also:province of Liao-tung or Sh@ng-king (See also:southern See also:Manchuria), 35 M.

S of See also:

Mukden. It is situated in` a See also:rich See also:cotton See also:district in the fertile valley of the Liao, on the road between Niuchwang and Mukden, and carries on a considerable See also:trade. The walls include an See also:area about 22 M. See also:long by 2 M. broad, and there are fairly extensive suburbs; but a See also:good See also:deal even of the enclosed area is under cultivation. The See also:population is estimated at roo,000. Liao-yang was one of the first objectives of the See also:Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War, and its See also:capture by them resulted in some of the fiercest fighting during the See also:campaign, from the 24th of August to the 4th of September 1904.

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