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state of the future, when all the former ideals of man will by scientific formulae be shown up in their hollowness; still further, the poet shows the future of See also:

ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-clad See also:

earth, when man will be reduced to a degraded See also:

BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute dragging on the misery of his existence in a See also:

cave. In all these scenes, or rising from See also:

LAND

land little above the See also:

sea-level, is well seen far out to sea. In the elevated region of See also:

MADAGASCAR

Madagascar are many fertile plains and valleys, the former being the dried-up beds of See also:

ancient lakes. Among these are Betsimitatatra in Imerina, and Tsienimparihy in Betsileo, supplying a large proportion of the See also:

rice required for the capitals of these two provinces. Still more spacious valleys are the Antsihanaka See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and the Ankay See also:

DISTRICT

district, between the two eastern lines of See also:

FOREST

forest. The extensive See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast plains on the western See also:

side of the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island are chiefly in Iboina (N.W.) and inMenabe (S. of the Tsiribihina See also:

RIVER

River) ; those on the See also:

east are widest in the Taifasy country (S.E.). The See also:

WATER

water-parting for six-sevenths of the whole length of the island is much nearer the eastern than the western side, averaging from 8o to 90 M. from the sea. There are no arid districts, except in the extreme See also:

south-See also:

west and towards the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern point of the island.

The See also:

general See also:

SURFACE

surface of the interior highland consists of See also:

BARE

bare See also:

ROLLING

rolling See also:

MOOR

moor-like country, with a great amount of red See also:

clay-like See also:

SOIL

soil, while the valleys have a See also:

rich humus of bluish-See also:

black See also:

ALLUVIUM

alluvium. The chief See also:

rivers flow to the west and See also:

north-west sides of the island. The eastern streams are all less in See also:

SIZE

size, except the Mangoro, which flows parallel with the coast. Few of them therefore are of much service for See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, except for the See also:

LIGHT

light-See also:

DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught native canoes; and all of them are more or less closed at their outlets by See also:

sand-bars. Beginning at the south-eastern point and going northwards, the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal rivers are the Mananara, Manampatrana, Matitanana, Mananjary, Mangoro, with its great affluent Onive, Vohitra, Maningory, and the Antanambalana at the See also:

head of Antongil See also:

Bay. On the N.W. coast, going southwards, are the See also:

SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia and Mahajamba, falling into Mahajamba Bay, the Betsiboka with the Ikopa—the great drains of the See also:

NORTHERN

northern central provinces, forming unitedly the second largest river of the island and falling into Bembatoka Bay—the Mahavary, Manambolo, Tsiribihina or Onimainty, the third largest river, with its tributaries the Kitsamby, Mahajilo and See also:

MANIA

Mania, the Morondava, Mangoky, probably the largest river in the country, with its important tributaries the Matsiatra, Manantanana and Ranomaitso, the Fiherenana and Onilahy. On the south coast are four considerable streams, the largest of which is the Menarandra. Of the western rivers the Betsiboka can be ascended by small steamers for about See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m., and the Tsiribihina is also navigable for a considerable distance. The former is about 300 M. See also:

long; the latter somewhat less, but by its affluents spreads over a greater extent of country, as also does the Mangoky. The rivers are all crossed frequently by rocky bars, which often See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

GRAND

grand waterfalls. The eastern rivers cut their way through the ramparts of the high land by magnificent See also:

GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges amidst dense forest, and descend by a See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of rapids and cataracts. The Matitanana, whose falls were first seen by the writer in 1876, descends at one plunge some 400 ft.; and on the Vohitra River, whose valley is followed by the railway, there are also many See also:

FINE

fine waterfalls.

On the eastern side of Madagascar the contest between the fresh water of the rivers and the sea has caused the formation of a See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of lagoons for nearly 300 M. In many places these look like a river following the coast-See also:

LINE

line, but frequently they spread out into extensive sheets of water. By cutting about 3o m. of See also:

canal to connect them, a continuous waterway could be formed for 270 M. along the coast. This has already been done for about 55 M. between Ivondrona and Andovoranto, a service of small steamers forming part of the communication between the coast and the See also:

capital. Besides these lagoons, there are few lakes of any size in Madagascar, although there were some very extensive lakes in a See also:

RECENT

recent See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch. Of the largest of these, the Alaotra See also:

Lake in the Antsihanaka See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain is the relic; it is about 25 m. long. Next comes Kinkony, new Maroambitsy Bay (N.W. coast), about 16 m. long, and then Itasy, in western Imerina, about See also:

HALF

half as large. There is also a See also:

salt lake, Tsimanampetsotsa (S.W. coast), about as large as Alaotra. There is now no active See also:

VOLCANO

volcano in Madagascar, but a large number of See also:

EXTINCT

extinct cones are found, some apparently of very recent formation. Some See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles south of Diego-See also:

SUAREZ, FRANCISCO (1548-1617)

Suarez is a huge volcanic See also:

mountain, Ambohitra, with scores of subsidiary cones on its slopes and around its See also:

BASE

base. About 40 M. south-west of See also:

ANTANANARIVO

Antananarivo there is a still larger extinct volcano, Ankaratra, with an extensive See also:

LAVA

lava See also:

field surrounding it; while near Lake Itasy are some 200 volcanic cones. Another See also:

GROUP

group of extinct volcanoes is in the Vakinankaratra district, S.W. of Ankaratra.

Many others exist in other parts of the island (see § See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology). Slight shocks of See also:

EARTHQUAKE

earthquake are See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt every See also:

YEAR

year, and hot springs occur at many places. Several of these are sulphurous and medicinal, and have been found efficacious in skin diseases and in See also:

INTERNAL

internal complaints. rather anticipatory dreams, Adam, Eve and the See also:

arch-fiend See also:

Lucifer are the chief and constantly recurring personae dramatis. In the end, Adam, despairing of his See also:

RACE

race, wants to commit See also:

SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide, when at the See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment Eve tells him that she is going to be a See also:

MOTHER

mother. Adam then prostrates himself before See also:

God, who encourages him to See also:

hope and See also:

TRUST

trust. The diction of the drama is elevated and pure, and although not meant for the See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, it has proved very effective at several public performances. Concerning Madach there is an ample literature, consisting mostly of elaborate articles by See also:

Charles Szasz (1862), See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus Greguss (1872), B. See also:

Alexander (1871), M. Palagyi (189o), and others.

End of Article: MADACH, IMRE (1829—1864)

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