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MENNO SIMONS (1492-1559) , religious See also:leader, was See also:born in 1492 at Witmarsum in See also:Friesland. Of his parentage (apart from his patronymic) and See also:education nothing is known. He was not a See also:man of learning, nor had he many books; for his knowledge of See also:early See also:Christian writers he was partly indebted to the Chronica or compilations of See also:Sebastian See also:Franck. At the See also:age of twenty-four he entered the priesthood, becoming one of two curates under the See also:incumbent of Pingjum, a See also:village near his birthplace. He accused himself, with the other See also:clergy, of lax and self-indulgent living. Doubts about See also:transubstantiation made him uneasy; some of See also:Luther's tracts See also:fell in his way, and he was comforted by Luther's dictum that salvation does nat,,, depend on human dogmata. Hence he began to study the New Testament. The question as to the right age for See also:baptism came up; he found this an open See also:matter in the early See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. Then the See also:execution, in See also:March 1531, at See also:Leeuwarden, of the tailor Sicke Freerks, who had been rebaptized in the previous See also:December at See also:Emden, introduced further questions. Menno was not satisfied with the inconsistent answers which he got from Luther, See also:Bucer and See also:Bullinger; he resolved to rely on Scripture alone, and from this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time describes his See also:preaching as evangelical, not sacramental. In 1532 he exchanged his curacy for a living at Witmarsum, in response to a popular See also:call. Anabaptism of the See also:Munster type
repelled him. His first tractate (1535, first printed 1627) is directed against the " horrible and See also:gross See also:blasphemy of See also:John of See also:Leiden "—though the genuineness of this See also:tract has been doubted. A See also:brother of Menno joined the insurgent followers of John Matthyszoon, and was killed at See also:Bolsward (See also:April 1535). Blaming the leaders by whom these poor See also:people had been misled, Menno blamed himself for not having shown them a straight course. Accordingly on the 12th of See also:January 1536, he See also:left the See also:Roman communion. There were now among the so-called See also:Anabaptists four parties, the favourers of the Miinster See also:faction, the Batenburgers, extremists, the Melchiorites and the Obbenites. For a time Menno remained aloof from both Melchior Hofman and Obbe Philipsz. Before the See also:year was out, yielding to the See also:prayer of six or eight persons who had freed themselves from the Munster spell, he agreed to become their See also:minister, and was set apart (January 1537) to the eldership at See also:Groningen, with See also:imposition of hands by Obbe Philipsz, who is regarded as the actual founder of the Mennonite See also:body. In fact, Obbe left the body and is stigmatized as its Demas. Menno repudiated the formation of a See also:sect; those who had experienced the " new See also:birth " were to him the true Christian church, which was limited by no See also:decree of reprobation. His Christology was in the See also:main orthodox, though he rejected terms (such as Trinity) which he could not find in Scripture, and held a Valentinian See also:doctrine of the See also:celestial origin of the flesh of See also:Christ. His church discipline was See also:drawn from the Swiss See also:Baptists. Silent prayer was a feature of the See also:worship; sermons were without texts. Neither baptism (by pouring on the See also:head) nor the See also:Lord's Supper (with the See also:accompaniment of feet-washing) conferred See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace; the: were divine ordinances which reflected the believer's i;lward See also:state. See also:Marriage with outsiders was prohibited; See also:women -tad no See also:part in church See also:government. Oaths and the taking r'f See also:life were absolutely forbidden; hence the magistracy and the See also:army were for the Mennonite unlawful callings; but magistrates were to be obeyed in all things not prohibited by Scripture. The subsequent career of Menno was that of an active missioner; his changes of See also:place, often compulsory, are difficult to trace. He was apparently much in See also:East Friesland till 1541; in See also:North See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, with See also:Amsterdam as centre, from 1541 to 1543; again till 1545 in East Friesland (where he held a disputation at Emden with John a Lasco in January 1544); till 1547 in See also:South Holland; next, about See also:Lubeck; at See also:Wismar in' 1553–1554 (he held two disputations with See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin Micronius at See also:Norden in See also:February 1554); lastly at Wustenfelde, a village near Oldesloo, between See also:Hamburg and Lubeck, where he died on the 13th of January 1559. He had married one Gertrude at Groningen, and left a daughter, by whom the See also:dates of his birth and See also:death were communicated to P. J. Twisch, for his Chronyk (1619).
Menno's writings in Plattdeutsch, printed at various places, are numerous, with much sameness, and what an unfriendly critic would call See also:wool-gathering; through them shines a See also:character attractive by the sincerity of its See also:simple and warm spirituality, the See also:secret of Menno's See also:influence. The collection of his See also:Opera Omnsa Theologica (Amsterdam, 1681), See also:folio, in a Dutch version, comprises twenty-three tractates, with reference to nine unprinted. His main principles will be found in his Dal Fundament See also:des Christelycken Leers (1539, 8vo). A selection (Gedenkbldtter) from his writings, in a See also:German version, in See also:honour of the (supposed) tercentennial of his death was edited by T Mannhardt (See also:Danzig, 1861) with an appendix from the writings of Birk Philipsz (1504-157o), brother of Obbe, and Menno's henchman. His writings are published in See also:English at See also:Elkhart, See also:Indiana.
Since the publication of the See also:Leven (1837) by A. M. See also:Cramer, See also:light has been thrown on the See also:period by the researches of de Hoop See also:Scheffer; see See also:Van der Aa, Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden (1869) ; R. See also:Barclay, Inner Life of Religious See also:Societies of the See also:Commonwealth (1876) for a See also:good See also:account of Mennonite anticipations of Quaker views and practices; F. C. See also:Fleischer, Menno Simons, eene Levensschets (1892) ; V. M. Reimann, Mennonis Simonis qualis fuerit vita (1894) ; S. Cramer, in Hauck's Realencyklopodie (1903) ; a See also:separate See also:article in the same, Mennoniten, by S. Cramer, gives a survey of the origin and ramifications of the See also:movement in See also:Europe and See also:America. (A. Go.
End of Article: MENNO SIMONS (1492-1559)
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