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See also:PANIN, NIKITA IVANOVICH, See also:COUNT (1718—1783) , See also:Russian statesman, was See also:born at See also:Danzig on the 18th of See also:September 1718. He passed his childhood at See also:Pernau, where his See also:father was commandant. In 1740 he entered the See also:army, and rumour had it that he was one of the favourites of the empress See also:Elizabeth. In 1747 he was accredited to See also:Copenhagen as Russian See also:minister,
but a few months later was transferred to See also:Stockholm, .where for the next twelve years he played a conspicuous See also:part as the See also:chief opponent of the See also:French party. It is said that during his See also:residence in See also:Sweden Panin, who certainly had a strong speculative See also:bent, conceived a fondness for constitutional forms of See also:government.. Politically he was a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:Alexis Bestuzhev; consequently, when in the See also:middle 'fifties See also:Russia suddenly turned Francophil instead of Francophobe, Panin's position became extremely difficult. However, he found a friend in Bestuzhev's supplanter, See also:Michael See also:Vorontsov, and when in 176o he was unexpectedly appointed the See also:governor of the little See also:grand See also:duke See also:Paul, his See also:influence was assured. He was on See also:Catherine's See also:side during the revolution of 1762, but his See also:jealousy of the influence which the Orlovs seemed likely to obtain over the new empress predisposed him to favour the See also:proclamation of his See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward the grand duke Paul as See also:emperor, with Catherine as See also:regent only.
To circumscribe the influence of the ruling favourites he next suggested the formation of a See also:cabinet See also:council of six or eight ministers, through whom all the business of the See also:state was to be transacted; but Catherine, suspecting in the skilfully presented novelty a subtle See also:attempt to limit her See also:power, rejected it after some hesitation. Nevertheless Panin continued to be indispensable. He owed his influence partly to the fact that he was the governor of Paul, who was greatly attached to him; partly to the See also:peculiar circumstances in which Catherine had mounted the See also:throne; and partly to his knowledge of See also:foreign affairs. Although acting as minister of foreign affairs he was never made See also:chancellor; but he was the See also:political See also:mentor of Catherine during the first eighteen years of her reign. Panin was the inventor of the famous " See also:Northern See also:Accord," which aimed at opposing a See also:combination of Russia, See also:Prussia, See also:Poland, Sweden, and perhaps See also:Great See also:Britain, against the See also:Bourbon-See also:Habsburg See also:League. Such an attempt to bind together nations with such different aims and characters was doomed to failure. Great Britain, for instance, could never be persuaded that it was as much in her interests as in the interests of Russia to subsidize the See also:anti-French party in Sweden. Yet the See also:idea of the " Northern Accord," though never quite realized, had important political consequences and influenced the policy of Russia for many years. It explains, too, Panin's See also:strange tenderness towards Poland. For a See also:long See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he could not endure the thought of destroying her, because he regarded her as an indispensable member of his "Accord," wherein she was to See also:supply the See also:place of See also:Austria, whom circumstances had temporarily detached from the Russian See also:alliance. Poland, Panin opined, would be especially useful in See also:case of See also:Oriental combinations. All the See also:diplomatic questions concerning Russia from 1762 to 1783 are intimately associated with the name of Panin. It was only when the impossibility of realizing the " Northern Accord " became patent that his influence began to wane, and Russia sacrificed millions of roubles fruitlessly in the endeavour to carry out his pet See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme.
After 1772, when Gustavus III. upset Panin's plans in Sweden, Panin, whose policy hitherto had been at least See also:original and See also:independent, became more and more subservient to See also:Frederick II. of Prussia. As to Poland, his views differed widely from the views of both Frederick and Catherine. He seriously guaranteed the integrity of See also:Polish territory, after placing See also:Stanislaus II. on the throne, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order that Poland, undivided and as strong as circumstances would permit, might be See also:drawn wholly within the See also:orbit of Russia. But he did not foresee the complications which were likely to arise from Russia's interference in the domestic affairs of Poland. Thus the See also:confederation of See also:Bar, and the See also:Turkish See also:War thereupon ensuing, took him completely by surprise and considerably weakened his position. He was forced to acquiesce in the first See also:partition of Poland, and when Russia came off third best, See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory See also:Orlov declared in the council that the minister who had signed such a partition treaty was worthy of See also:death. Panin further incensed Catherine by meddling with the See also:marriage arrangements of the grand duke Paul and by advocating a closer alliance with Prussia, whereas the empress was beginning to incline more and more towards
Austria. Nevertheless; even after the second marriage of Paul Panin maintained all his old influence over his pupil, who, like himself, was now a warm admirer of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Prussia. There are even traditions from this See also:period of an actual See also:conspiracy of Panin and Paul against the empress. As the See also:Austrian influence increased Panin found a fresh enemy in See also:Joseph II., and the efforts of the old statesman to prevent a matrimonial alliance between the Russian and Austrian courts determined Catherine to get rid of a counsellor of whom, for some mysterious See also:reason, she was secretly afraid. The circumstances of his disgrace are complicated and obscure. The final rupture seems to have arisen on the question of the See also:declaration of " the armed See also:neutrality of the See also:North;" but we know that See also:Potemkin and the See also:English See also:ambassador, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Harris (afterwards 1st See also:earl of See also:Malmesbury), were both working against him some time before that. In May 1781 Panin was dismissed. He died in Italyy on the 31st of See also:March 1783. Panin was one of the most learned, accomplished and courteous Russians of his See also:day. Catherine called him " her See also:encyclopaedia." The earl of See also:Buckinghamshire declared him to be the most amiable negotiator he had ever met. He was also of a most humane disposition and a friend of Liberal institutions. As to his honesty and kindness of See also:heart there were never two opinions. By nature a sybarite, he took care to have the best See also:cook in the See also:capital, and See also:women had for him an irresistible attraction, though he was never married.
See See also:anonymous See also:Life of Count N. I. Panin (See also:Ras.; St See also:Petersburg, 1787); Political See also:correspondence (Rus. and Fr.), Collections of Russian Histor. Society, vol. ix. (St Petersburg, 1872); V. A. Bilbasov, Geschichte Katharina II. (See also:Berlin, 1891-1893) ; A. See also:Bruckner, Materials for the See also:Biography of Count Panin (Rus.; St Petersburg, 1888).
(R. N.
End of Article: PANIN, NIKITA IVANOVICH, COUNT (1718—1783)
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