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CASHIER
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CASHIER . (1) (Adapted from the Fr. caissier, one in See also:charge of the caisse, or See also:money-See also:box), one who has charge of the See also:payment or receiving of money in a business See also:house. The " cashier " may be a high executive See also:official of a banking or See also:mercantile house —thus the name of See also:chief cashier of the See also:Bank of See also:England appears on all notes issued during his occupation of the post—or he may be merely a clerk, who receives payment for goods sold, and has the right to give receipts for the same.
(2) (In origin ultimately the same as " quash," to annul, from See also:Lat. quassare, to dash or break to pieces, a frequentative of quatere, to shake, but also connected in See also:form and meaning with cassare, to make, cassus, empty or void), a military See also:term, meaning originally to disband, and probably adopted from the Dutch in the 16th See also:century. The word in various forms is used in the same sense in most See also:European See also:languages. It is now used in See also:English for the dismissal of a commissioned officer from the See also:army and See also:navy for particularly serious offences, in the words
trusted entirely to his See also:sword, yet the heroic struggle of a lifetime had barely sufficed to keep at See also:bay the numerous and potent foes with which See also:Poland was environed. Casimir recognized from the first that further fighting against tremendous odds was unprofitable. A careful, calculating dynastic policy, which aimed at the See also:establishment of an See also:equilibrium by means of prudent compromises and defensive alliances, was, he rightly judged, the best See also:guarantee for the future safety and See also:glory of Poland. Casimir began by tying the hands of the See also:Teutonic See also:Order by the truce of See also:Thorn; he induced the See also: In 1340 the See also:death of See also:George II. of Halicz, and the ravaging of that fruitful border principality by the See also:Tatars, induced Casimir and Charles Robert to establish their See also:joint See also:influence there, and in 1344 the Red See also:Russian See also:boyar, See also:Demetrius Detko, was appointed starosta, or See also:governor, in the names of the two kings. Nine years later Lubart of Lithuania, who also had claims upon Red Russia, disputed the sway of Poland in that principality. Hungary coming to the assistance of Poland, Lubart was defeated and taken prisoner; but Casimir, anxious to avoid a bloody See also:war with Lithuania's Tatar See also:allies, came to a See also:compromise with Lubart whereby Poland retained Halicz with See also:Lemberg, while See also:Vladimir, Belz, and Brzesc See also:fell to the See also:share of Lithuania. With the Teutonic knights, still Poland's most dangerous foe, Casimir preserved peaceful relations throughout his reign. He kept them within due See also:bounds by using the influence of the Luxemburgers against them at the papal See also:court; but the disputes between Poland and the order were ultimately settled by the peace of See also:Kalisz (See also:July 23, 1343), when the knights engaged for the first See also:time to pay See also:tribute to the Polish crown. John of Bohemia was also a See also:constant'thorn in the See also:side of Casimir. Silesia, now split up into seventeen principalities, was the See also:bone of contention between then; and when Casimir suddenly invaded that See also:country, took Wschowa, and made See also:Prince Charles of Bohemia a prisoner, war between the two kingdoms actually See also:broke out and Casimir was besieged in See also:Cracow by the Czechs. But his Hungarian allies hastened to his assistance, and the See also:mediation of the Holy See restored peace in 1346. The death of the adventurous John at See also:Crecy, and the See also:election of his son as See also:emperor, still further improved the situation. Charles IV., a cautious See also:sovereign with many cares, was as anxious for the See also:maintenance of peace as Casimir himself. Thus the relations between them were never very seriously disturbed. Throughout his reign Casimir never neglected the See also:great See also:work of domestic reform, greatly aided by Jaroslaw Skotowicki, See also:archbishop of See also:Gnesen, formerly a See also:professor at See also:Bologna. The first result of their joint labours was the much-needed codification of the See also:laws of Great and Little Poland in 1347. This was followed by the establishment of a supreme court of See also:appeal in 1357. Towards everything like disorder, tyranny, or aristocratic oppression, Casimir was always inexorably severe; all disturbers of the peace were remorselessly put to death as the worst enemies of their country and he enjoyed in consequence the See also:honourable See also:title of " the Peasants' King." The lawlessness of the See also:nobility was most noticeable in the province of Great Poland, where outrageous acts of violence were of everyday occurrence. To remedy the evil, Casimir See also:drew up and promulgated the severe See also:statute of Great Poland, which went to the very See also:root of the See also:matter and greatly strengthened the hands of the king's justices. Casimir also did much for See also:education. Stimulated by the example of Charles IV., who had founded the university of See also:Prague in 1348, Casimir on the 12th of May 1364 established and richly endowed the first university of Cracow, which had five professors of See also:Roman See also:law, three of See also:Canon law, two of physics, and one See also:master of arts. The See also:security of the See also:kingdom was sensibly promoted by the erection of a See also:cordon of fortresses on its north-eastern See also:borders, and a See also:blow was given to See also:foreign interference when Casimir succeeded in gaining dominant influence over the See also:independent Polish principality of Masovia, which had hitherto gravitated between Bohemia and the Teutonic Order. Casimir's last See also:political See also:act was the conclusion of a fresh See also:alliance with Louis of Hungary against Charles IV. at Buda in 1369. He died on the 5th of November 1370 from the effects of an injury received while See also:hunting. Though married three times Casimir See also:left no sons; but he had the See also:satisfaction of knowing that his domains would pass into the hands of a See also:nephew every whit as capable and sagacious as himself. See See also:Jan Leniek, The Congress of Visegrdd (Pol.), (Lemberg, 1884) ; J. K. Kochanowski, Casimir the Great (Pol.), (See also:Warsaw, 1900) ; Kazimierz J. Gorzycki, The See also:Annexation of Red Russia by Casimir the Great (Pol.) (Lemberg, 1889) ; Stanislaw Kryzanowski, The See also:Embassy of Casimir the Great to See also:Avignon (Pol.), (Cracow, 1900). (R. N. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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