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See also:FERDINAND VII ., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Spain (1784-1833), the eldest son of See also:Charles IV., king of Spain, and of his wife Maria Louisa of See also:Parma, was See also:born at the See also:palace of See also:San Ildefonso near Balsain in the Somosierra hills, on the 14th of See also:October 1784. The events with which he was connected were many, tragic and of the widest See also:European See also:interest. In his youth he occupied the painful position of an See also:heir apparent who was carefully excluded from all See also:share in See also:government by the See also:jealousy of his parents, and the prevalence of a royal favourite. See also:National discontent with a feeble government produced a revolution in 1808 by which he passed to the See also:throne by the forced See also:abdication of his See also:father. Then he spent years as the prisoner of See also:Napoleon, and returned in 1814 to find that while Spain was fighting for See also:independence in his name a new See also:world had been born of See also:foreign invasion and domestic revolution. He came back to assert the See also:ancient See also:doctrine that the See also:sovereign authority resided in his See also:person only. Acting on this principle he ruled frivolously, and with a wanton See also:indulgence of whims. In 182o his See also:misrule provoked a revolt, and he remained in the hands of insurgents till he was released by foreign intervention in 1823. When See also:free, he revenged himself with a ferocity which disgusted his See also:allies. In his last years he prepared a See also:change in the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:succession established by his See also:dynasty in Spain, which angered a large See also:part of the nation, and made a See also:civil See also:war inevitable. We have to distinguish the part of Ferdinand VII. in all these transactions, in which other and better men were concerned. It can confidently be said to have been uniformly See also:base. He had perhaps no right to complain that he was kept aloof from all share in government while only heir apparent, for this was the traditional practice of his See also:family. But as heir to the throne he had a right to resent the degradation of the See also:crown he was to inherit, and the See also:power of a favourite who was his See also:mother's See also:lover. If he had put himself at the See also:head of a popular rising he would have been followed, and would have had a See also:good excuse. His course was to enter on dim intrigues at the instigation of his first wife, Maria Antonietta of See also:Naples. After her See also:death in 1806 he was See also:drawn into other intrigues by flatterers, and, in October 1807, was arrested for the See also:conspiracy of the See also:Escorial. The conspiracy aimed at securing the help of the See also:emperor Napoleon. When detected, Ferdinand betrayed his associates, and grovelled to his parents. When his father's abdication was extorted by a popular See also:riot at See also:Aranjuez in See also:March 1808, he ascended the throne—not to See also:lead his See also:people manfully, but to throw himself into the hands of Napoleon, in the fatuous See also:hope that the emperor would support him. He was in his turn forced to make an abdication and imprisoned in See also:France, while Spain, with the help of See also:England, fought for its See also:life. At Valancay, where he was sent as a prisoner of See also:state, he sank contentedly into vulgar See also:vice, and did not See also:scruple to applaud the See also:French victories over the people who were suffering unutterable misery in his cause. When restored in March 1814, on the fall of Napoleon, he had just cause to repudiate the impracticable constitution made by the See also:cortes without his consent. He did so, and then governed like an evil-disposed boy—indulging the merest See also:animal passions, listening to a small camarilla of See also:low-born favourites, changing his ministers every three months, and acting on the impulse of whims which were sometimes See also:mere buffoonery, but were at times lubricous, or ferocious. The autocratic See also:powers of the See also:Grand See also:Alliance, though forced to support him as the representative of See also:legitimacy in Spain, watched his proceedings with disgust and alarm. " The king," wrote See also:Gentz to the See also:hospodar Caradja on the 1st of See also:December 1814, " himself enters the houses of his first ministers, arrests them, and hands them over to their cruel enemies "; and again, on the 14th of See also:January 1815, " The king has so debased himself that he has become no more than the leading See also:police See also:agent and gaoler of his See also:country." When at last the inevitable revolt came
in 182o he grovelled to the insurgents as he had done to his parents, descending to the meanest submissions while fear was on him, then intriguing and, when detected, grovelling again. When at the beginning of 1823, as a result of the See also:congress of See also:Verona, the French invaded Spain,' " invoking the See also:God of St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, for the See also:sake of preserving the throne of Spain to a descendant of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV., and of reconciling that See also:fine See also:kingdom with See also:Europe," and in May the revolutionary party carried Ferdinand to See also:Cadiz, he continued to make promises of See also:amendment till he was free. Then, in violation of his See also:oath to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant an See also:amnesty, he revenged himself for three years of See also:coercion by killing on a See also:scale which revolted his " rescuers," and against which the See also:duke of See also:Angouleme, powerless to interfere, protested by refusing the See also:Spanish decorations offered him for his services. During his last years Ferdinand's See also:energy was See also:abated. He no longer changed ministers every few months as•a See also:sport, and he allowed some of them to conduct the current business of government. His habits of life were telling on him. He became torpid, bloated and horrible to look at. After his See also:fourth See also:marriage in 1829 with Maria See also:Christina of Naples, he was persuaded by his wife to set aside the See also:law of succession of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip V., which gave a preference to all the See also:males of the family in Spain over the See also:females. His marriage had brought him only two daughters. When well, he consented to the change under the See also:influence of his wife. When See also:ill, he was terrified by priestly advisers, who were partisans of his See also:brother See also:Don See also:Carlos. What his final decision was is perhaps doubtful. His wife was See also:mistress by his death-See also:bed, and she could put the words she See also:chose into the mouth of a dead man—and could move the dead See also:hand at her will. Ferdinand died on the 29th of See also:September 1833. It had been a frequent saying with the more zealous royalists of Spain that a king must be wiser than his ministers, for he was placed on the throne and directed by God. Since the reign of Ferdinand VII. no one has maintained this unqualified version of the See also:great doctrine of divine right.
King Ferdinand VII. kept a See also:diary during the troubled years 1820-1823, which has been published by the See also:count de Casa See also:Valencia.
End of Article: FERDINAND VII
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