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See also:LOUISIANA See also:PURCHASE , a large portion of the See also:area of the See also:United States of See also:America, See also:purchased from the. See also:French See also:Republic in 1803. The territory to which See also:France held explorer's See also:title originally included the entire valley of the See also:Mississippi (see LOUISIANA) ; but the " Louisiana " which was ceded by her to See also:Spain in 1762 (See also:England refusing it, preferring the Floridas), retroceded to France in 1800,1 and ceded by See also:Napoleon to the United States—in violation of his See also:pledge to Spain that he would not alienate the See also:province—embraced only the portion W. of the See also:river and the See also:island of New See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans on the E. (and, as might be claimed with some show of See also:argument, See also:West See also:Florida to the Perdido river).
With the See also:settlement of the trans-See also:Alleghany region, the freedom of the Mississippi had become of vital importance to the western settlements, and Spain had recognized these interests in her treaty with the United States of 1795, by guaranteeing freedom of See also:navigation and the See also:privilege of See also:deposit at New Orleans. The See also:transfer of Louisiana from a weak See also:neighbour to so powerful and ambitious a See also:state as France was naturally unwelcome to the United States, and See also:Robert R. See also:Livingston, the See also:American See also:minister in See also:Paris, was instructed by Secretary-of-State See also:Madison to endeavour to prevent the consummation of the retrocession; or, should that be irrevocable, to endeavour to buy the Floridas (either from France, if they had passed with Louisiana, or through her See also:goodwill from Spain)—or at least West Florida—and if possible New Orleans, so as to give the United States a secure position on the Mississippi, and insure the safety of her See also:commerce. The United States was also trying to collect claims of her merchants for spoliations by French cruisers during the See also:late See also:war between France and See also:Great See also:Britain. In his preliminary propositions Livingston lightly suggested to Talleyrand a cession of Louisiana to satisfy these claims; following it with the more serious demand that France should pledge observance of the See also:Spanish concession to the Mississippi See also:trade. This pledge Napoleon readily gave. But during these negotiations a See also:sus-See also:pension by the Spanish See also:governor of the right of deposit aroused extreme See also:apprehension in America and resulted in warlike votes in See also:Congress. Of these, and of See also:London reports of a See also:British expedition against New Orleans preparing in anticipation of the imminent rupture of the See also:peace of See also:Amiens, Livingston made most capable use; and pressed for a cession of West Florida, New Orleans and Louisiana See also:north of the See also:Arkansas river. But without New Orleans Louisiana was of little See also:present See also:worth, and Napoleon—the collapse of whose American colonial schemes seemed involved in his failure in Santo Domingo, who was persuaded he could not hold Louisiana against Great Britain, and who was already turning from projects of colonial See also:empire
1By the treaty of See also:San. Ildefonso, signed the 1st of See also:October 1800. This was never ratified by See also:Charles IV. of Spain, but the treaty of See also:Madrid of the 21st of See also:March 1801, which confirmed it, was signed by him on the 15th of October 1802.toward his later See also:continental policy—suddenly offered to Livingston the whole of the province. Livingston disclaimed wanting the See also:part below the Arkansas. In even mentioning Louisiana he had gone outside his instructions. At this See also:stage See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Monroe became associated with him in the negotiations. They were quickly closed, Barbe Marbois acting for Napoleon, and by three conventions signed on the 3oth of See also:April 1803 the American ministers, without instructions, boldly accepted for their See also:country a territory approximately 1,000,000 sq. m. in area—about five times the area of continental France. For this imperial domain, perhaps the richest agricultural region of the See also:world, the United States paid 6o,000,000 francs ($11,250,000) outright, and assumed the claims of her citizens against France to the extent of 20,000,000 francs ($3,750,000) additional; the See also:interest payments incidental to the final settlement raising the See also:total eventually to $27,267,622, or about four cents an See also:acre.
Different writers have emphasized differently the various factors in this extraordinary See also:diplomatic See also:episode. Unquestionably the western See also:people were ready to war for the navigation of the Mississippi; but, that being guaranteed, it seems certain that France might peaceably have taken and held the western See also:shore. The acquisition was not a See also:triumph of American See also:diplomacy, but a piece of marvellous diplomatic See also:good See also:fortune; for the records abundantly prove, as Madison said, that the cause of success was a sudden policy of Napoleon, forced by See also:European contingencies. Livingston alone of the public men concerned showed indubitably before the event a conception of the feasibility and desirability of the acquisition of a vast territory beyond the Mississippi. See also:Jefferson had wished to buy the Floridas, but alarmed by the magnitude of the cession, declared his belief that the United States had no See also:power to acquire Louisiana. Though such strict construction of the constitution was a See also:cardinal See also:dogma of the Democratic party, this dogma was abandoned outright in practice, Jefferson finding " but one See also:opinion as to the See also:necessity of shutting up the constitution " (or amending it, which was not done) and seeking See also:justification of the means in the end. The Federalist party, heretofore broad-constructionists, became strict-constructionists under' the temptation of factious politics, and a very notable See also:political struggle was thus precipitated—notable among other things for strong expressions of sectionalism. The See also:net result was the See also:establishment of the See also:doctrine of " implied See also:powers " in interpreting the constitution; a doctrine under which the Supreme See also:Court presently found power to acquire territory implied in the powers to wage war and make peace, negotiate See also:treaties, and " dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other See also:property belonging to the United States."
The exact limits of the acquisition were not definitely See also:drawn. The French archives show that Napoleon regarded the Rio Grande as the W. boundary of the territory of which he was to take See also:possession, and the United States up to 1819 ably maintained the same claim. She also claimed all West Florida as part of Louisiana—which, in the usage of the second See also:half of the 18th See also:century, it apparently was not. When she acquired the Floridas in 1819—1821 she abandoned the claim to See also:Texas. The See also:line then adopted between the American and Spanish possessions on the W. followed the See also:Sabine river from the Gulf of See also:Mexico to the parallel of 32° N., ran thence due N. to the Red river, followed this to the See also:meridian of roo° W. and this line N. to the Arkansas river, thence along this to its source, thence N. to the parallel of 42°, and along this line to the Pacific. Such is the accepted description of the W. boundary of the Louisiana Purchase—waiving Texas—thus retrospectively deter-See also:mined, except that that boundary ran with the See also:crest of the Rocky Mountains N. of its intersection with the parallel of 42°. No portion of the Purchase See also:lay west of the mountains, although for some years after 1870 the See also:official maps of the United States See also:government erroneously included See also:Oregon as so acquired—an See also:error finally abandoned by 'goo.
On the 20th of See also:December 1803, at New Orleans, the United States took possession of the See also:lower part of the province, and on the 9th of March 1804, at St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, of the upper. The entire
region then contained possibly 8o,000 residents. The treaty of cession required the See also:incorporation of Louisiana in the See also:Union, and the See also:admission of its inhabitants, " as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States." By See also:act of the 26th of March 1804 the region below 330 N. was organized as the Territory of Orleans (see LOUISIANA), and that above as the See also:District of Louisiana. The region above 330, renamed in 18o5 the Territory of Louisiana, and in 1812 the Territory of See also:Missouri, was divided as See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time went on into many See also:Indian reservations, territories and states. Thus were carved from the great domain of the Purchase Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, See also:Iowa, See also:Minnesota, North and See also:South Dakota, See also:Nebraska and See also:Oklahoma in their entirety, and much the greatest part of See also:Kansas, See also:Colorado, See also:Wyoming and See also:Montana. There is justification for the saying of See also:Thiers that the United States were " indebted for their See also:birth and for their greatness "—at least for an See also:early assurance of greatness—" to the See also:long struggle between France and England." The acquisition of so vast a territory proved thus of immense See also:influence in the See also:history of the United States. It made it possible for them to hold a more See also:independent and more dignified position between France and England during the See also:Napoleonic See also:wars; it established for ever in practice the doctrine of implied powers in the See also:- INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)
interpretation of the Federal Constitution; it gave the new republic a See also:grand basis for material greatness; assured its dominance in North America; afforded the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field for a magnificent experiment in expansion, and new doctrines of colonization; fed the See also:national See also:land See also:hunger; incidentally moulded the See also:slavery issue; and precipitated its final See also:solution.
It is generally agreed that after the Revolution and the See also:Civil War, the Louisiana Purchase is the greatest fact in American history. In 1904 a world's See also:fair, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was held at St Louis in See also:commemoration of the cession. After one See also:hundred years the See also:wilderness then acquired had become the centre of the power and See also:wealth of the Union. It contained in 1903 15,000,000 inhabitants, and its taxable wealth alone was four hundred times the fifteen millions given to Napoleon.
See also:Turner and others. Reference may be made to B. See also:Hermann, The Louisiana Purchase (See also:Washington, 1898), and See also:Theodore See also:Roosevelt's Winning of the West, vol. 4. Of the various See also:special but popular accounts (by J. K. See also:Hosmer, See also:Ripley See also:Hitchcock, R. See also:Blanchard, K. E. Winship, &c.), not one is worthy of its subject, and all contain various inaccuracies.
End of Article: LOUISIANA PURCHASE
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